168 OlS^ A PORTION OF A KAISED BEACH ON iHE 



section the deposit lies directly on the surface of the limestone, 

 which is smooth and evidently sea-worn. 



At its highest point on the west, the deposit is stopped by a 

 vertical cliff, which is about four feet high in the portion at 

 present exposed, but in one part, according to the workmen, it 

 reached nearly eleven. This is undoubtedly the same as the 

 low terraced cliff shown in the section in Mr, J. W. Kirkby's 

 Paper "On the occurrence of Sand-Pipes in the Magnesian- 

 Limestoue," to which fuller reference will be made later. ^-^) The 

 fourth section shows the nature of this cliff and the character of 

 the deposit occurring near it. 



There is nothing to indicate the existence of this cliff in the 

 nature of the surface of the ground. Against the face of it 

 pieces of Magnesian-Limestone which are not sea-worn lie, but 

 about two feet from it this changes abruptly into a very coarse 

 shingle. This appears to be the old sea-cliff, and it is remark- 

 able that its height above sea-level should be about the same as 

 the sea-worn caves on Cleadon Hills, The deposit of gravel and 

 sand appears to mark the opposite shore of the arm of the sea, 

 which once covered the low-lying ground between Fulwell and 

 Cleadon Hills, stretching right round the latter, while Boldon 

 riatts and all the low-lying ground in the vicinity was sub- 

 merged. C^) From the contour of the land it would seem probable 

 that this would be connected with the Tyne near Jarrow Slake, 

 and further down that river. 



I have traced the deposit round on to the east side of the hill 

 for a quarter of a mile ; on this face a layer of very fine soft 

 sand from three to six feet in thickness occurs. The bedding 

 can be distinctly seen, but few pebbles occur in it: a little 

 higher up the hill it passes into a shingle similar to the one 

 already described, but very little of this is exposed. 



In Mr. J. W. Kirkby's Paper a similar deposit of sand is 

 shown to have occurred on the south side of the quarry, but 

 none of it is exposed on that side of the hill at the present 

 time.W Thus the deposit must have extended on the north, 

 east, and south side of Fulwell Hills, and in all probability 

 extended right round them. During the time therefore that all 



