52 



A NEW FLOE A OV 



MEAN TEMPERATURES OF THE YEAR, AND OF SUMMER AND AVINTER, UPON 

 THE CONTINENT. 



LOCALITY. 



Average of 

 whole Year. 



Summer. 



Difference be- 

 tweenSununer 

 and Winter. 



Umea, Lapland 



StockJiolm 



St. Petersburg 



Moscow 



Copenhagen . . 



Berlin 



Hamburgh 



Warsaw 



Paris 



Vienna 



Geneva 



Munich 



Madrid 



Milan 



Naples , 



35 



42 



38i 



38^ 



47 



47 



48 



48 



51 



50 



50 



48 



59 



55 



63 



57 

 62 

 62 

 66 

 64 

 64 

 64 

 68 

 65 

 68 

 63 

 65 

 77 

 73 

 75 



14 



25 



16 



11 



31 



31 



32i 



30 



381 



32 



35 



30f 



48|- 



36 



50 



41 



37 



46 



55 



33 



33 



SH 



38 



26k 



36 



28 



34A 



33| 



37 



25 



It is only those parts of Europe that come within the imme- 

 diate influence of the Mediterranean that have a warmer January 

 than England. With us the mean temperature of the month at 

 sea-level ranges from 32° to 41°. In France the range is almost 

 exactly the same. In some parts of Spain the month reaches 

 50°; but passing westward from France into the heart of the 

 great mass of the Continent it falls steadily. Erom the Black 

 Sea to the Baltic it is from 23° to 32°. At Christiania, Stock- 

 holm, and TJpsala it is 23°. At Moscow, which is in the same 

 parallel of latitude as Edinburgh, it falls to 14°. The difference 

 in position between Edinburgh and Moscow makes a difference in 

 temperature, to the advantage of the former, of 26°. But take 

 July and the difference is all the other way. The average tem- 

 perature of England in July is from 59° to 63° ; in France it is 

 from 64° to 74° ,• in Spain from 68° to 77° ; iu Central Europe 

 63° to 72° ; at Stockholm 61°; at Moscow 65°. If we want to 

 match Edinburgh now we shall find a corresponding temperature 

 at Tornea, in Lapland, which is within the Arctic circle, or at 

 Archangel, or at Yakutsk, in Siberia, where the cold in winter 

 is utterly beyond anything of which we here in England can 

 form an idea, the temperature being as far below that of ]\[oscow, 



