MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 163 



too, are from this locality. Two of the other fragments have the enamel 

 wrinkled, two are smooth, and the fifth is intermediate in character be- 

 tween them, thus affording excellent illustrations of the great variability 

 of the texture of mastodon teeth. The species is also represented by a 

 fine posterior upper molar which was found on the Eidgeley estate of 

 Hampton, near Towson, about 10 miles north of Baltimore. 



Genus ELEPHAS Linne. 

 Elephas primigenius Blumenbach. 



THE NORTHERN MAMMOTH. 



Plate XXXVII, Plate XXXIX, Pig. 1. 



Elephas primigenius Blumenbach, 1803. Handb. Naturg. 1st French ed., 



vol. ii, p. 407. 

 Elephas americanus DeKay, 1842. Zool. of N. Y. Pt. 1, Mammalia, p. 101, 



pi. xxxii. 

 Elephas americanus Leidy, 1860. Holmes Post-Pliocene Fossils of S. C, p. 



108, pi. xviii. 

 Elephas mississippiensis Foster., 1872. Nature, vol. vi, p. 443. 

 Elephas primigenius Cope and Wortman, 1884. 14th Rept. State Geol. Ind., 



p. 32, pi. vi, figs. 2-5. 

 Elephas primigenius Cope, 1889. Amer. Nat., vol. xxiii, p. 207, pi. xvi, 



fig. 20. 

 Elephas americanus Leidy, 1889. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Phila., 



vol. ii, p. 17, pi. iii, figs. 6-9. 

 Elephas primigenius Zittel, 1893. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, 1 afcth. 4 



Band, p. 469, figs. 387-390. 



Description. — Jaw broad and rounded; profile in front of tooth row 

 almost vertical; enamel folds narrow and compressed; rather more than 

 two folds to the inch, or 24 in 10 inches ; enamel itself thin. 



This species, which is the best known and most widely distributed of 

 extinct elephants, was of comparatively small size and would not average 

 more than 9 feet in height at the shoulder, or about the same as the mod- 

 ern Asiatic elephant. Its tusks were, as a rule, much more curved than 

 in existing elephants and much longer, although the last point is largely 

 due to the fact that before the appearance of man, elephants were per- 

 mitted to live out their days, and as the tusks grew throughout life they 

 reached an average greater length than in modern elephants which are 

 too often cut off in their prime. 



