MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 165 



surface of the tooth being 7£ inches long by 3$ inches wide, with 17 cross 

 folds. In size this tooth quite equals many examples of E. columbi, but 

 the number of enamel folds, their thinness and great compression render 

 its reference to E. primigenius absolutely certain. So great is the com- 

 pression of the enamel pockets that in many instances they are almost 

 in contact. 



Portions of the skull and tusks, together with a number of ribs, all 

 of which probably belong to this species, were found associated with the 

 foregoing tooth at Oxford Neck. Unluckily proper measures were not 

 taken to secure all of the bones and they have suffered subsequently from 

 lack of care. 



The small, much worn, left upper molar, referred to under E. columbi 

 is 5-| inches long by 3^ wide and has 14 folds of enamel, showing in- 

 dubitably that it belongs to E. primigenius. The folds are thin and 

 characteristically compressed, although slightly more wrinkled than in 

 typical examples of the northern mammoth. 



Collections — Maryland Geological Survey, U. S. Natural Museum. 



Elephas columbi Falconer. 



THE SOUTHERN MAMMOTH. 



Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1 ; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 2 ; Plate XL, Fig. 1. 

 Elephas columbi Falconer, 1857. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London vol. 



xiii, p. 319. 

 Elephas texianus Blake, 1862. The Geol., vol. v, pi. 4. 

 Elephas jacksoni Logan, 1863. Geol. Survey Canada, p. 914, figs. 495-498. 

 Elephas primigenius columbi Cope, 1889, Amer. Nat., vol. xxiii, p. 109, pi. 14- 



Description. — Jaw much like that of the Asiatic elephant on a large 

 scale; teeth with less than two folds of enamel to the inch, or 18 folds 

 in 10 inches. The portion of the jaw immediately in front of the teeth 

 slopes forward at a much less angle than in E. primigenius and the 

 angle formed by the meeting of the rami is much as in the Asiatic ele- 

 phant. 



Elephas columbi, first differentiated from the Northern mammoth by 

 Falconer in 1857, is intermediate in size between the Northern and Im- 

 perial mammoths, although it must often have closely approached 



