450 Canadian Record of Science. 



In addition to these larger works, he was the author of about two 

 hundred separate papers. Some of them are of a physical character : 

 his first paper, published as far back as 1833, dealing with the connec- 

 tion of electricity, heat and magnetism ; subsequent papers treated of 

 galvano-magnetic apparatus and the laws of cohesive attraction as 

 exemplified by crystals. Other papers, of a purely crystallographic 

 character (1835-52), treated of the drawing and lettering of crystal 

 figures, of crystallographic symbols, and of the formation of twin 

 growths ; a series of volcanic papers discussed both lunar and terres- 

 trial volcanoes, the latter including those of Vesuvius, Cotopaxi, Are- 

 quipa, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea (1835-68); a set of coral papers treated 

 of the temperature limiting the distribution of corals, on the area of 

 subsidence in the Pacific as indicated by the distribution of coral 

 islands, on the composition of corals and on fossil corals (1843-74). 



About forty papers are on mineralogical topics : many of them are 

 descriptive of particular mineral species ; others treat of general sub- 

 jects, such as nomenclature, pseudomorphism, homoeomorphism, the 

 connection between crystalline form and chemical constitution, and the 

 origin of the constituent and adventitious minerals of trap and the 

 allied rocks. As illustrations of the variety met with in his geological 

 publications, we may cite his papers on the origin of the grand outline 

 features of the earth, the origin of continents, mountains and prairies, 

 the early condition of the earth's surface, the analogies between the 

 modern igneous rocks and the so-called primary formations, on erosion, 

 on denudation in the Pacific, on terraces, on southern New England 

 during the melting of the great glacier, on the degradation of the rocks 

 of New South Wales, and the formation of valleys. The remaining 

 papers, about seventy in number, deal with biological subjects, both 

 recent and fossil, and have a similarly varied character ; some being 

 descriptive of species, others treating of classification and similarly 

 general problems. 



The importance of this scientific work was widely recognized, and 

 many marks of distinction were conferred upon him, both at home and 

 abroad. He was an original member of the National Academy of 

 Sciences of the United States, and in the year 1854 occupied the presi- 

 dential chair of the American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science. In 1851 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Geological 

 Society of London, and in 1872 received from that Society the Wollas- 

 ton Medal, the highest compliment the Geological Society can pay to 

 the man of science ; in the same year the University of Munich honoured 

 him with the degree of Ph.D. ; in 1877 he was the recipient of the Cop- 

 ley Medal of the Royal Society, and in 1884 was elected one of the 

 foreign members ; in 1886 Harvard conferred upon him the degree of 

 LL.D. ; he was also an honorary member of the Academies of Paris, 

 Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg and Rome, and of the Mineralogical 

 Societies of England and of France. 



