138 



7. — The hilly ranges and their neighbourhood from Bahadur Khel and 

 Soordag (SurddgJ country to Nundrukki and Hokurmi mountains. 



Most of the hilly ground which has now to be noticed forms 



double or triple, often anticlinal, ridges sometimes 

 Form of ground. 



with synclinal plateaux or other high ground, or 



deep valley, between the more elongated elevations. It first takes the 

 character of a range towards the westward near Luttummer, where 

 crossed by the Chungosh river (called Chunghaze on the map), and here 

 is formed of a central mass of tertiary sandstones and clays, rising to 

 considerable heights, disposed in a wide synclinal curve or closely con- 

 torted between two remnants of smaller anticlinal curvatures, respectively 

 north and south of the former at the edges of the range. 



The most northern of these anticlinals may be called the incomplete 

 ellipsoid of Bahadur Khel, and the latter the still 



Ellipsoids, 



more imperfect one of Luttummer. Both occupy 

 more or less, or coincide with, hilly ground trending in a direction ge- 

 nerally parallel with the range. From the summits of this high ground 

 the whole range may be seen to expand into a mass of nearly horizon- 

 tally-bedded sandstone hills in the country of the Wazeeris (Waziris) to 



the westward, rising conspicuously above which 

 Kaffir Kot. 



are the cliffs and pinnacles of an outlying patch 



of coarse conglomerates, known by the name of Kaffir Kot. (*) 



The section would doubtless be interesting and instructive, ascend- 

 ing through the whole series of the tertiary sandstones, but it is unfor- 

 tunately, most of it, in forbidden ground. Directly south of Kaffir Kot 

 almost every bed of the soft upper sandstones beneath that patch of 



* Kaffir Kot is simply a mass of conglomerate washed into perpendicular tower-like 

 shapes by rain. One of these towers was ascended with great difficulty and descended with 

 greater, there being literally nothing to hold on by. The whole of the range from Kaffir 

 Kot to the banks of the Koorum, some twenty-five miles to the west, is of the same forma- 

 tion. From information kindly supplied by Colonel H. C. Johnstone, Superintendent of the 

 Punjab Frontier Survey, which quite corroborates the account given by the messengers sent 

 the place (see pages 5 and 71). 

 ( 242 ) 



