Sullivan — Tongan Soiiiatologv 237 



riences of each observer, it necessarily fluctuates constantly, varying with new 

 experiences. 



Despite the varying standards nianv of these non-measurable characters 

 have pro\'ed to he of such great value in pointing out racial similarities and differ- 

 ences that no general somatological study is justified in omitting them. In pointing 

 out the sources of error in data of this sort it is not my purpose to belittle their 

 value or to imply that the size of the error is uniform for all characters. Although 

 two observers might disagree as to whether a given sample of hair were low- 

 waved, or straight, yet they would be much less likely to disagree as to whether 

 it were straight or deeply waved, and still less likely to disagree as to whether it 

 were straight or curly. The same considerations apply to color. 



Recognizing then the fact of the continuous variation in these characters, I 

 have described them as if they were discontinuous. For purposes of this paper hair 

 form is classified as straight, low-waved, deep-waved, curly, frizzly, and woolly, 

 and the color is designated as black, dark brown, reddish-brown, light brown, 

 blond, golden, red, and gray. The amount of beard on the upper cheek, lower 

 cheek, and chin and the amount of body hair on the chest, forearm, and leg was 

 described as none, slight, medium, and heavy. Eye color is classified as black, 

 dark brown, and light brown, blue, gray, blue-brown, and gray-brown. The 

 amount of conjunctival pigment is classified roughly in accordance with the appear- 

 ance of the scelera — white and clear, muddy, speckled, or mottled. The develop- 

 ment or lack of development of the epicanthic (Mongoloid) eye fold is described 

 as absent, slight, medium, or marked. The elevation of the nasal bridge has been 



Figure 1. Diagram illustrating terminology used to describe the 



form of the nostrils : A, antero-posterior nostrils ; B, obliquely 



placed nostrils ; C, transverse nostrils. 



estimated in terms of low, medium, or high. The form and direction of the nos- 

 trils are roughly classed, according to the direction of the long axis of each nostril, 

 as antero-posterior, oblique, or transverse. (See figs, i and 2.) The slope of the 

 forehead is estimated as vertical, moderate slope, or low. The development of the 

 glabella is indicated by the terms smooth, medium, and prominent. The thickness 



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