3i8 Memoirs Bcniicc P. Bishop Museum 



edges of the gunwales. Only one Samoan form, said to be a result of foreign in- 

 fluence, had an upward curved projection at bow and stern. In the Hawaiian 

 canoes we find no distinct cutwater as the bottom curves upward and narrows to 

 a point. The bow is unornamented but has a short projection. In the Mar- 

 quesas and New Zealand the bow and stern of the underbody are of the form 

 just described for Hawaii. The bow piece extends for some distance be- 

 yond the end of the underbody while the stern piece curves upward to form a 

 high tail. In the Society Islands the canoes were built of man\- pieces. The entire 

 hull curved upward at the stern rising almost vertically for some distance, and 

 was crowned with carved figures. At the bow there was a second ]irojcction 

 which on some was decorated. 



The sails used in Hawaii, the Marquesas, and Xew Zealand were made in 

 the form of a triangle, with the ajiex at the foot of the mast and the boom along 

 the lower edge. In Tonga and Samoa, on the other hand, the sail was supjiorted 

 by a yard, or yards, hung from the masthead. The Society Islands sail was 

 fundamentallv of the first mentioned type, but differed in having the upjier end 

 of the boom recurved. 



Bailers appear to have been much the same everywhere in l'ol_\nesia, but 

 were decorated with carving only in New Zealand and the Marquesas. ]\larque- 

 san paddles appear to have no exact oceanic parallels, but resemble somewhat 

 those from Easter Island and IMangareva. It is interesting" to note in this con- 

 nection that many of the Hawaiian paddles have on either side, near the tip of 

 the blade, a short rib which serves no practical purpose. It seems possible that 

 this is a survival of an earlier knob or end projection. 



It is apparent that in the canoes, as in the houses, there are clear indications 

 of an eastern and a western type. The eastern type is characterized by the use of 

 only five essential parts, bound together by lashings which are visible externally, 

 and by the use of a triangular sail and boom. The western is characterized by 

 the use of many parts bound together by lashings, invisible externally, and by 

 the use of a sail with a movable yard hung from the masthead. The use of 

 ornate bow and stern pieces is unknown in the western area, with a single pos- 

 sible exception, but is normal in the eastern area except Hawaii. 



If we compare the Maori and Marquesan canoes we find a series of re- 

 semblances so striking that they argue a close cultural relationship. Both boats 

 are basicly the same in the form and arrangement of the parts, and in both the 

 bow piece terminates in a figurehead. In the smaller Maori canoes this figure- 

 head is a simple face borne on the end of a constricted neck, as in the Marquesan 

 form. In the more elaborate I\Iaori forms the figurehead is carved into a full 

 figure, but the high vertical ornament of the Maori bow pieces finds a parallel 



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