330 Memoirs Bcniicc P. BisJwp Miiscinii 



curved edge. Each of these adzes has its special use and in doing- any piece of 

 work, as the shaping of a bowl, great care seems to be taken to use the i)roper 

 tool for each stage of manufacture. In working any surface a series of light 

 glancing blows are struck instead of two or three heavy ones. Informants agree 

 that this was also the ancient system. The blade of a stone adz could easily be 

 shattered by a heavy direct blow, and it is related that when a tnhuna who had 

 been employed to make some object became dissatisfied with his pay or working 

 conditions he would strike a heavy blow, breaking his adz, and with this as an 

 excuse, refuse to finish. 



The small straight bladed adzes are also used as planes. The handle is 

 grasped at the curve, with the blade below the hand, edge forward, and the tool is 

 pushed along the surface of the wood, removing a thin shaving. Stone adzes are 

 said to have been used in the same manner. 



\'erv little data could be obtained on the method of using the hafted 

 chisels other than that they were used to hollow drums and cut the lashing holes 

 in canoe parts. They were struck upon the upper end of the shaft with a toa 

 wood mallet like that used in caulking canoes. (See PI. lvi, B.) 



GOUGES 



The ]\Iarquesan collection in the Bishop Museum includes four implements 

 uncommon to the group, and it has been thought best to describe them separate- 

 ly under the head of gouges although it can not be said with certainty that they 

 were not hafted and used as adzes. The implement shown in Plate XLVii, B, 2 

 is 6^ inches long, i^ inches wide at the bit and 1^4 inches wide at the upper 

 end. It is almost semicircular in cross section. The ctitting edge is curved, 

 but the lower side of the bit, which is ground with a well marked bevel, is flat. 

 The implement fits the hand w-ell and does not appear to have been hafted. 



Only slightly smaller than Xix 2 and ^\■ith a similar bit, gouge Xo. 3 

 shown on the same plate is distinguished from it ])y having parallel sides. 



Xo. 4 on the same i)late shows a small specimen whose shaft has been 

 broken. The bit has a width of 11/ 16 inches and its lower surface is slightly con- 

 cave. The bodv of this gouge is almost circular in cross section and well pol- 

 ished throughout, although the marks of the chipping have not been completely 

 obliterated. The bit shows use and sharpening, and the implement was j)robably 

 a carving tool. 



Xo. I on this plate is completely ground and has a narrow upper and broad 

 lower surface, both of which are flat, while the sides are somewhat rounded. The 

 upper surface narrows toward the rear so that the blade is almost triangular at 

 the butt (the point of greatest thickness) and the whole shape is reminiscent of 



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