334 Memoirs Bcniicc P. Bishop Miisctiiii 



In Hawaii artifacts in every way identical with tliis object are quite common and 

 were used as sinkers for squid hooks. The ^Marquesas was an imjKirtant point 

 of call for whalers in early days, and the first missionaries to establish them- 

 selves in the group were Hawaiians, so it is probable that this object was im- 

 ported from that group during the historic period. 



ANCHORS 



Native accounts of the ancient fishing methods mention the use of 

 anchors, but it seems probable that these were simplv rough stones. A single 

 worked specimen was seen in Taiohae, Nuka Hiva. It consisted of a conical stone 

 of oval cross section about lo inches high and 7 inches in diameter, through the 

 upper end of which a hole about }i of an inch in diameter had been pierced. The 

 natives were unable to identify this specimen, and as it was found among the 

 debris of a trader's store it may be either of European workmanship or due to 

 European influence. 



PIPES 



The use of tobacco in the Marquesas is almost certainly post-European, but 

 the plant was cultivated there very early in the historic period. Clay pipes in 

 burial caves that contain no other evidences of European contact indicate 

 that they were among the earliest trade objects and most of the stone 

 pipes appear to have been made at a time when the native culture had under- 

 gone little, if anv, change. The clay pipes referred to are clearly the prototype 

 from which the stone pipes were evolved, but the jMarc[uesan pipe makers were 

 no slavish imitators and their work shows considerable originality. 



The material used was a rather soft, even-textured volcanic rock, and the 

 shaping was probably done with metal tools, although the fine finish of most of 

 the specimens makes it impossible to say whether such tools were always used. 

 The bowl form was like that of the European clay pipes of the early nineteenth 

 century, but the other features vary greatly. The simplest form is shown on Plate 

 XLix, C. It consists of a simple bowl i;'<^ inches long and about 34 of an inch 

 wide, with a hole pierced in one side for the stem. The bottom of the bowl is 

 decorated with a short cylindrical knob. 



A more elaborate specimen, seen in Hanahehe, Hiva Oa, consisted of 

 a similar bowl, without the knob, which had at the bottom two projections ^ of an 

 inch long, placed directly opposite each other. Both these projections were drilled 

 to take stems. The bowl was covered with lightly incised designs which had been 

 almost obliterated by handling. The use of multiple stems appears to have been 

 rather common and according to reliable informants some specimens had as many 

 as four. 



[74] 



