Linton — The Marquesas Islands 339 



All popoi pounders agree with the commercial pounders in the form of the body and 

 base. The necks range in cross section from oval to round, but the differences appear to be 

 more or less accidental and are not correlated with other features. The range in size does not 

 appear to have been very great, the ancient specimens seen varying in height from 7 to 83/2 

 inches and in base diameter from 4J.^ to Sp'g inches. The variation is about the same in all 

 subtypes. The subtypes are therefore based entirely upon differences in the form and decora- 

 tion of the head. 



The simplest form of popoi pounder appears to be the flat topped type 

 called opu. In the plainest specimen collected (PI. hi, B, 2) the neck is circular 

 in cross section and expands only slightly at the top, the upper end being slightly 

 convex. The curve of the bottom is unusually high. More commonly in this 

 type the neck is more or less oval in cross section and the upper end shows a 

 more marked expansion, its surface being flat or slightly concave. (See PI. 

 LI, B, I.) In one specimen, which could not be obtained, the ends of the oval 

 head projected beyond the neck in finely made flat flanges not more than one- 

 fourth inch thick. A further modification of the opu type consisted in encircling 

 the neck some distance below its vipper end with a raised ring. (See PI. Li, B, 3.) 

 In view of the shape of one of the specimens of phallic form it seems probable 

 that the idea here is phallic also. Popoi pounders of the opu type were seen only 

 in the island of Hiva Oa, and as all the specimens were of local rock it seems 

 possible that this was peculiar to Hiva Oa. 



The phallic type of pounder is much more common than the opii type and 

 appears to have been the dominant form throughout the Marquesas. It may 

 be subdivided into simple phallic representations, and the tiki headed pounders, 

 which are clearly derived from the simple phallic form. 



A single specimen (PI. lii, C) may link the phallic pounders with the 

 ringed specimens of the opu type. The neck of this implement is encircled a short 

 distance below its upper end by a raised, smoothly rounded ring. The space 

 above this ring is dome shaped and ungrooved. The whole appears to be a 

 phallic representation. 



The normal form of phallic pounder is well illustrated by the specimen 

 shown on Plate Lii,, A. In this the neck ex])ands smoothly to form a head of almost 

 rectangular cross section, there being no line of demarkation between the two parts. 

 The transverse groove is deep and the sides slope inward steeply. The ends are 

 almost vertical and the top on either side of the groove is flat. The whole sur- 

 face is treated as a series of slightly convex planes which meet in well marked 

 angles. This angularity is most pronounced in No. i. Most of the phallic 

 pounders seen had this form and it is probably the prototype from which both the 

 modern commercial and tiki headed pounders have been developed. 



Two phallic pounders, shown on Plate lii, B, diiTer slightly from this 

 normal type. The head of No. i is oval in cross section, the sides slope inward 



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