Linton — TJic Marquesas Islands 459 



known to permit of detailed comparison, but the Caroline and INIarshall cultures 

 have in common with the Samoan-Tongan culture a considerable development 

 of chiefly power with a tendency toward fixed social classes ; extended earth burial, 

 often with orientation ; the use of many piece canoes and lateen sails ; and a high 

 development of mat weaving with the use of mats for clotnmg. Many other 

 features of the Samoan-Tongan culture are also found in Micronesia but 

 are less vmiversal in their occurrence. Although it is possible that these features 

 were borrowed from Micronesia by the western Polynesians, it seems more prob- 

 able that the original culture of the Samoans and Tongans was essentially Mic- 

 ronesian in type. 



The affiliations of the Hawaiian culture are difficult to establish. The 

 Hawaiian culture resembles the Maori and Marquesan cultures in the form and 

 internal arrangement of houses ; canoe structure and sail ; use of the stone 

 pounder and tanged adz; stilts and surf board; in the use of human effigies and 

 in the conventions applied to them ; also in the rarity of utensils with legs and 

 absence of legged pillows. It shares with the Marquesas the use of stone house 

 platforms; extensive ceremonial structures of stone; a pounder with a flaring 

 base; prepared sling stones; the musical bow; the large vertical drum with a 

 skin head; and necklaces made from man_v strands of plaited human hair. These 

 features are lacking in New Zealand. The Hawaiian culture also has a few fea- 

 tures in common with the Society Islands which are lacking in the Marquesas. 

 The most important of these are an organized priesthood; a centralized govern- 

 ment Math divine chiefs ; and the use of netted featherwork, helmets, flyflaps, 

 painted tapa decoration and watermarked tapa beaters. Many voyages between 

 Hawaii and the Society Islands were made from iioo to 1300 A.D. (Smith, 

 79 a, p. 223) and according to Hawaiian traditions the use of enclosed religious 

 structures, the vertical drum, human sacrifice, increased centralization in govern- 

 ment and a stronger organization of the priesthood were introduced into Hawaii 

 at that time. It is impossible to tell whether the other similarities of the 

 Hawaiian and southeastern Polynesian cultures are due to this relatively late con- 

 tact, but it seems probable that those features which show a very close agree- 

 ment — such as netted featherwork, tapa painting, watermarked beaters and the 

 conventions employed for human effigies — were brought to Hawaii by the soi:th- 

 ern immigrants. The similarities in canoes, houses and stone implements, on the 

 other hand, are probably more ancient and point either to an earlier contact or 

 to the partial derivation of both the Hawaiian and southeastern Polynesian cul- 

 tures from the same source. The main features which distinguish the Hawaiian 

 culture from the Maori and Marquesan cultures are the high social and religious 

 organization of the Hawaiians and the absence in Hawaii of cannibalism, head 



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