MAP TO ILLUSTRATE SOME OF THE ROUTES FOLLOWED BY 

 ANCIENT MARINERS. 



[Certain land routes are inserted also]. 



Black areas in the sea represent pearl beds. 



Shaded areas in the sea represent the distribution of pearl-shell. 



The spots represent some of the sites of gold, copper and silver mines or 

 deposits of precious stones, which attracted prospectors in ancient times. 



A — The route to Zimbabwe (Z) and Madagascar. 



B and C — The chief route of the mariners who took the civilization 

 of the Old World to America in Pre-Columbian times. 



D — The "Black Current" from Japan to America. 



E — The route from Persia to the Yenesei (Y). 



F — Route along the Amur from Korea and the Manchurian coast 

 towards the Altai (Y). 



G — The original route by which America was colonised. 



H — The route of the Norsemen to America, 1000 a.d. 



J — The ancient route by which Babylonian civilization reached China. 



K — The Trade Wind from the Canary Islands to America. 



L— The Gulf-Stream. 



M — The line of spread of culture up the Mississipi, from the Gulf of 

 Mexico to the Great Lakes. 



N— The sea route to Nigeria [the land route from the Nile is not 

 labelled]. 



O — The culture-centre on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsh. 



P — The Aleutian route to America. 



