How to secure them. 119 



arrangements of their dwellings, and, therefore, all that has been 

 said with reference to the smaller houses, applies with equal 

 force to the houses of our middle and upper classes. It cannot 

 be too strongly impressed upon householders, rich and poor, 

 that their personal health, the health of their families, and 

 consequently the health of the community at large, depends 

 upon the care taken by each individual to secure the proper 

 sanitary condition of his own dwelling. And any householder 

 who does not see to and understand the sanitary arrangements 

 of his own house, may rest assured that such arrangements are 

 defective and dangerous. All that is essential for the sanitary 

 condition of any dwelling is so simple, that the arrangements 

 can and should be understood by every householder. 



Mr. Gray then described in detail the principles of his text, 

 and their application to the dwelling. 



If effective sanitation requires the " immediate and thorough 

 removal of all refuse matter," it is quite clear that all receptacles 

 of such matter should be placed as near the outer air — that is, 

 the outer wall — as possible, so that the channel liable to breed 

 pollution should be as short as possible. The closet and the 

 bath and the scullery slop should be next the outer wall, and 

 discharge directly through the wall into the open air. If this 

 is done, the plumber's work is made easy, and without compli- 

 cation. Do not have the discharge end of the bath turned from 

 the wall, with a waste running its entire length under it. Let 

 the closet discharge directly through the wall, and not by com- 

 plicated bends from an inner wall. The same may be said of 

 the scullery waste. Further, that the discharge may be thorough, 

 let the outlet be ample. 



Mr. Gray described the ordinary defective methods of dis- 

 charging slops and baths through limited apertures, recom- 

 mending a much more open vent, so as to secure a scour for the 

 outlet drains, &c. He exhibited and described a special form 

 of waste made to his instructions, which gives such a good flush 

 as to discharge the waste quickly, and carry away all soap, and 

 prevent its lodgment in the pipes. This brass plug gives a full 



