1 6 Prof es soi James A. Lindsay on 



mutual relation and inter-dependence, and to assist him to form a 

 working theory of the world, life, and conduct. 



(4) To prepare candidates for the various professions. 



In order that universities should fulfil these ends the following 

 conditions were necessary — viz. : — 



(1) They should be so situated as to be readily accessible to 

 the student. 



(2) They should be suitably endowed, so that they could give 

 the best education at a cheap rate. 



(3) They should enjoy the fullest measure of autonomy, and be 

 in accord with local needs and local sentiment. 



(4) They should enjoy complete liberty both to learn and to 

 teach, and should own no allegiance but to truth. 



Germany had 22 universities for a population of about 50 

 millions. The universities were distributed generally throughout 

 the Empire. Germany had never made the mistake which had 

 resulted so disastrously in France— of trying to centralise uni- 

 versity education. Centralisation of university education in a 

 capital city meant the intellectual sterilisation of the provinces. 

 The multiplication of universities within reasonable limits had 

 worked well in Germany. The state was generous to universities 

 in Germany, contributing 72 c / of their income, while 9.3 °/ was 

 derived from fees, and the balance from private endowments. 

 The German universities were in large measure self-governing, but 

 the Crown in most cases appointed the professors from names 

 submitted to it by the governing bodies of the various universities. 

 Teaching was, in general, excellent in quality and free from any 

 restrictions. In some universities — e.g., those of Bonn and 

 Breslau, dual chairs had been founded in history and philosophy 

 as a means of escape from the sectarian difficulty. Privat-docents 

 were one of the striking features of German universities. This 

 system worked well in Germany, but its suitability to the needs of 

 England or Ireland was doubtful. Specialisation was carried to 

 great lengths in the German universities, and its results had been 

 in the main beneficial. 



German educational methods were eminently instructive as 



