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migration, it may be stated that, beginning its northward 

 movement from the Southern States in February, it reaches 

 Pennsylvania during the first of March, although birds have 

 been recorded as early as February 6. It reaches Massachu- 

 setts normally about the tenth of the month. The males 

 precede the females by from several (Wilson) to as many as 

 fifty (Brewster) days. The first birds to arrive are not the 

 breeding birds, but are followed by the latter after an interval 

 of from two or three weeks to a month. They migrate chiefly 

 during the early morning, but have been recorded as traveling 

 at night. They forage principally over the uplands, and roost 

 in the marshes. 



Spring Migration at Ithaca. — Although the Redwings have 

 been observed chiefly from points of vantage in the marsh, 

 frequent notes as to their movements elsewhere have been 

 made. Several trips each week (and often daily trips) were 

 made to the marsh, and the movements of the birds were 

 watched from their first appearance in the afternoon until 

 after dusk. Again in the morning, from dawn until their 

 flight to the uplands, they were studied through two successive 

 seasons. The collection of numerous specimens made it pos- 

 sible to satisfy any doubts relative to age or sex. Conclusions 

 based upon observations of their movements have been re- 

 inforced by studies of the food taken from stomachs. 



The normal migration can be divided into seven periods 

 according to sex, age, and nature of the birds (whether resident 

 or migrant), as follows: 



1. Arrival of ''vagrants." 



2. Arrival of migrant adult males. 



3. Arrival of resident adult males. 



4. Arrival of migrant females and immature males. 



5. Arrival of resident adult females. 



6. Arrival of resident immature males. 



7. Arrival of resident immature females. 



Arrival of " Vagrants.^' — Here, as recorded in Pennsylvania 

 by Stone, the first warm days of spring bring the first Red- 

 winged Blackbirds, although the marshes may still be frozen 

 solid, and the ground covered with snow. These I have 



