l-Hhl. -M. I. l'Jl.7. HIPPAROHUS. By L. B. Prout. 17 



H. papilionaria L. (li). Bright green, the forewing usually with two lunulate-dentate white hnes, papilio- 

 the liindwing with one, the lunules in the submedian area of forewing the thickest ; both wings usually in addition "«"«• 

 with a faintly darker green cell-mark and some indistinct white intraneural spots distally to the postmedian 

 line. Under surface similarly but more weakly marked, with no antemedian line. — ab. herbacearia Men. is herhaccaria. 

 a form iii which both the lines are obsolete. It was originally described, from Amurland, and as a separate spe- 

 cies, and perhaps on this account has been quite umiecessarily treated as problematical. Even Staudingek 

 has only cited it to papiliona7-ia with a query. Yet the aberration appears occasionally in other locahties 

 together with the commoner forms, and Ktjsnezov writes me that the type specimen confirms the identification. 



— ab. cuneata Burr, is characterized by a large wedge-shaped white spot adjoining the discal mark proximally, cuneaia. 



in addition to the usual markings. — ab. subcaerulescens Burr, is of a bluer green ground-colour than the suhcaerules- 

 normal, but is probably scarcely worth naming. — ab. deleta Burr, is another unimportant aberration, in which ^'!®' 

 the distal series of white spots is entirely obsolete. — in ab. subobsoleta B^irr. the antemedian line of the fore- subdb'soleta. 

 wing is hkewise obsolete. — ab. alba Gillm. is entirely white, above and beneath., slightly tinged with yellowish, atba. 



— The egg of papilionaria is approximately oval, broader at one end and here flattened; it is strong and heavy- 

 looking, the surface sculptured, with strongly marked cells, the micropyle shown by a shallow, circular rayed 

 pit. The larva feeds on birch and alder, and has been closely studied for its beautiful protective adaptations. 

 It is rather stout, rugose, the surface shagreened, the head slightly notched, the setae mostly with enlarged 

 summits. The larva hibernates small, and is at this time brown in colour, protectively assimilated to the tiny 

 twigs. In the spring many become green, and they are wonderfully hke the birch catkins among which they 

 feed, various small protuberances and projecting edges of segments enhancing the resemblance. The pupa is 

 cylindrical, tapering regularly from the fourth abdominal segment to the anal extremity; spiracles and tubercles 

 distinct, the latter dark-coloured, bearing s.hort curved setae; anal armature consisting of 8 hooks; the general 

 colour is pale green, the wing-cases tinged with brown. The moth is on the wing in July and early August, and 

 fhes at late dusk, or more freely towards midnight. It is strongly attracted by hght, around which it fhes 

 very wildly, and it will often visit ,, sugar". By day it is very sluggish, and even when resting fully expanded 

 on leaves it is very inconspicuous. Its range is wide in Central and North Europe, northern Asia Minor and 

 across Siberia to Japan. 



H. pratti Prout (= flavifrontaria Leech, nee Guen.). Expanse of wings 59 mm. Very similar to flavi- yrutti. 

 frontaria Guen., build somewhat more robust, palpus somewhat longer, colour brighter green, postmedian 

 white hne of forewing broader, somewhat oblique. Ichang, June, 1888, one $ in coll. Brit. Mus. 



H. sponsaria Brem. (1 h). Colour of papilionaria, but structurally distinct in having the apex of the spomaria. 

 antenna simple, whereas in papilionaria the pectinations continue, and in having a strong anal tuft, and super- 

 ficially differing in shape (distal margin of forewing irregular, bent in middle, of hindwing tailed) and in having 

 the white hnes fine, not dentate, that of hindwing straight; a very faint, fine lunulate hne in place of the distal 

 white spots. E. Siberia and Japan, from the end of June until August. 



H. dieckmanni Graes. (1 h). Similar to sponsaria, but with distal margin of forewing scarcely bent, dieckmamii. 

 of hindwing scarcely tailed, the white lines of forewing expanding into conspicuous spots on costa, hindtibia 

 with a terminal process which is wanting in sponsaria. Our figures unfortunately do not bring out the 

 distinctions. Larva green, each segment bearing a dentate prominence, tipped with red-brown. On Quercus 

 mongolica. South-east Siberia, Korea, Japan, larva full-fed in early June, imago found in July. 



H. glaucaria Brem. (= usitata Btlr.) (Ih). Colour more bluish green than the three preceding. Shape glaucaria. 

 nearest to that of dieckmanni, but with the distal margin of forewing even smoother. White hnes thicker than 

 in dieckmanni, those of forewing similarly expanding on costa, but that of hindwing running to near anal angle 

 instead of to inner margin at before two-thirds. Under surface with posterior part of forewing and a great 

 part of hindwing whitened. Larva on Quercus mongolica. Amurland to Japan, appearing in June. 



H. albovenaria 5rem.) (li) is a very beautiful species, with the ground-colour somewhat similar to that albovmaria. 

 of the precechng, but with the costa of forewing and the veins of both wings broadly white. Lines broad, nearly 

 straight, excepting the slender submarginal one; antemedian dark-shaded distally, postmedian proximally. 

 Under surface similar. Shape of hindwing nearly as in papilionaria, of forewing less regular than 'in that species, 

 already approaching sponsaria. Distributed in Palearctic Eastern Asia. 



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