COSYMBIA. By L. B. Prout. 147 



on the forewing or, at most, equally developed on both. — Larva vsrith segments rather distinctly marked 

 and subdivided; head rather broader than prolhorax, brown or reddish; body variable in colour and markings, 

 bright fawrn-colour or green, P' — 6"' abdominal segments with oblique dark marks, broad at their anterior 

 extremity, ventral area paler with dark markings, lateral ai'ea sometimes broadly white. A variety occurs 

 which bears also blackish transverse dorsal markings. Feeds on oak and more rarely on birch; its reported 

 occurrence on whitethorn lacks confirmation. Pupa more heavily dark-spotted dorsally than that oi pendiilaria, 

 the spots of the two mid-dorsal rows large and conspicuous; wing- veins very strongly marked, appearing 

 somewhat darkened, the dorsal line of the wing moderately strong. Imago in May-June and again about 

 August, in captivity sometimes even a third generation can be reared. Inhabits chiefly woods, resting by 

 day in the shelter of thick trees, apparently preferring the small scrub oak. At night it is attracted by light 

 and sometimes by sugar. Central and Southern Europe, Denmark, JNorthern Asia Minor and Armenia. 



C. quercimontaria Bastelb. (4o). In a measure intermediate between porata and punciaria yet nearer 9««''C'- 

 to the latter. Bastelberger in erecting the species calls attention to the following distinctions from panctariu. 

 On an average smaller, forewing more rounded, the apex being less produced and the distal margin less 

 convex in the middle; hindwing less strongly elbowed at 3'''' radial, white discal spots present (in ptmctaria 

 very rarely indicated), red dusting very bright and very extended, on the forewing leaving free a narrow 

 costal and anterior distal area, hindwing not lighter than forewing, only with less red dusting, median shade 

 of both wings thicker and overlaid with bright red almost throughout, fringes not mixed with red. From 

 porata it differs in the absence of black circumscription to the discal spots, lack of dark subterminal shading, 

 indistinctness or obsolescence of the rows of dots which represent the lines, straighter median line, etc. 

 Subsequent investigation of the genitalia proved that it not only differs from punctaria and porata but even 

 belongs to the opposite group in the structure of these organs, i. e. the pendularia-gvoa^, in which the 

 "forceps" are wanting or quite rudimentary. From riificiliaria H.-Sch., which also falls into this group and 

 has in many respects even closer affinity with quercimontaria, the latter differs so mateiially in colour that 

 confusion could seldom occur; riificiliaria is on an average larger, with darker ground-colour, grey (not red) 

 dusting and median shade, and usually reddish fringes, not dark-dotted as is commonly the case with those 

 of quercimontaria. The two broods scarcely differ except in size; indeed quercimontaria shows a marked 

 contrast to its allies in its general constancy, though F. Fuchs records one aberration, in the summer brood, 

 of a more intensive red and some other transitions, among 20 typical. The larva is brown (no green form 

 is yet known),' with lozenge-shaped dorsal markings on the P' — 5"' abominals, somewhat like those of 

 Eupithecia castigata, which at once distinguish it from other Cosymbla larvae; otherwise it is nearest to that 

 of punctaria, but more slender and entirely without the rust-red lateral spots which are normally present in 

 that species. Feeds on oak, but seems more delicate and therefore less easy to rear than its allies. The 

 moth is found sitting on tree-trunks. The first brood appears somewhat later than that of punctaria, namely 

 in early June, but the larvae feed up very quickly, so that the second generation occurs from about the 

 20"' July. Hitherto only known from the Rheingau, Lower Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina but may probably 

 have been overlooked in some places. Riesen has recorded 2 examples from Zoppot (Danzig), a rather 

 surprishig locality. 



C. ruficiliaria H.-Sch. (= ? unilinearia Scharjenb. = gyraria Tr. nee Hbn. =^ ? hybridaria Seli/s ^= ricficiliaria. 

 pupillaria Z. nee Hbn. =^ schaefferaria Lali.) (4o). Very variable, especially in the strength of the markings, 

 so that the safest differentiation from the preceding and following species lies in the shape or in the ground- 

 colour and dusting. In shape it is distinguishable from punctaria by its broader, comparatively more rounded 

 wings, in this resembling quercimontaria, but on an average larger and more robust; the genitalia and the 

 life-history also show it to be specifically distinct from that. Ground-colour somewhat darker and duller than 

 either of its neighbours, more brownish (not so flesh-coloured as in suppunctaria nor so reddish as in 

 puppillaria, with both of which species it has sometimes been confused); the reddish scales much less 

 numerous, the grey ones darker (almost black), much sharper and more numerous. As in the allies, the 

 postmedian line normally consists of a row of dots, but these are usually rather weak, sometimes scarcely 

 discernible; when present, the antemedian generaUy forms a continuous, but very fine and not very con- 

 spicuous, strongly curved grey line, whereas that of punctaria oftener consists of a series of large dots; 

 median shade usually well developed, grey, not overlaid with reddish, occasionally obsolete; discal spots, as 

 in quercimontaria, small and white, not dark-ringed; terminal dark dots on an average weaker than in 

 punctaria, but inconstant; fringes usually tinged with red, both above and beneath, but rather variable. — ab. 

 ruberrima Bastelb. is a rare aberration from Hungary with more reddish ground-colour and much stronger ruherrima. 

 red dusting, thus still nearer to quercimontaria, in which, however, the ground-colour remains light. — 

 ab. mattiacata Bastelb. (4o), occurring only in the first generation, is the largest, most strongly marked form, mattiacata. 

 with rather thick, well-expressed median shade, strong &eries of dots (not well shown in our figure) etc. — 



