148 COSYMBIA. By L. B. Prout. 



privataria. ab. privataria Bastelh. (5c) only occurring in the second generation, is the direct antithesis to the preceding, 

 being small, with weaker and sparser dusting, the median shade and the rows of dots almost or altogether 

 'dataria wanting, even the white discal dots sometimes almost obsolete. — ab. circumdataria Bastelb. is another 

 second-brood aberration, characterized by the large white discal dot of the hindwing (usually elongate), 

 which is distinctly surrounded with a blackish-red ring. There seems no constant difference between the 

 first and the second brood except in size, and Bastelberger therefore proposed to include under the name 

 ruficiliaria all except the extreme aberrations here indicated. We figure a second-brood example with the 

 median shade nearer to the base than usual. The larva, especially in its earlier stages, is very distinct from 

 that of pundaria. It is at first light green with a dark green dorsal si ripe which, on strong magnification, 

 is seen to consist of a series of spots, pointed anteriorly and posteriorly, while that of punctaria resolves 

 itself into more brownish green forked marks. The full-grown larva is dimorphic, dark velvety green or 

 violet-grey, not yellow-green or brown as in the two forms of punctaria. Head dirty straw-colour, streaked 

 and dotted with sepia brown (in punctaria more red-brown); body more strongly shagreened than in pmictaria, 

 with white, irregular granules; lateral stripe (best developed on the 2"'' — 5"" abdominals) intensive sulphur- 

 yellow, without any admixture of red; ventral surface whitish green; anal claspers broadly margined 

 with brown-red. Feeds on oak. The exact geographical range has scarcely been worked out, on, account of 

 the earlier confusion with punctaria. Certainly occurs in Central and South France, Belgium, Germany, 

 Switzerland, N. and Central Italy, Austria-Hungary, Crimea and Asia Minor (Brussa). Double-brooded, the 

 first brood appearing in April-May, the second about July-August. 



punctaria. C. puiictaria L. {= teutonaria I/. ^ fultaria F«'W. = acutaria i?o(^««ei!fe) (4o). The principal distinctions 



between this well-known species and its relatives have been indicated in dealing with them, and our figure 

 reproduces its markings so perfectly that no further description is needed. It is to be observed, however, 

 that the typical form lacks the dark blotches in the distal area of the forevving, or has at most only a not 

 very intense, reddish one at the posterior angle. The strongly blotched forms belong almost exclusively to 

 the second generation and have been proved by the experiments of Merrifield to be directly connected with 

 high temperatures. He found that in all the moths which he could force from the pupae as a (partial) 

 second brood these blotches were present, but that by icing the pupae the moths could be changed to the 

 non-blotched, spring form, even when they emerged before the winter. The reduced temperatures also tended 

 to produce an increase of the dark dusting and of the dark median shade, thus showing some defmite analogy 

 with the first-brood forms of alhiocellaria, etc. In general punctaria must be considered a variable species, 

 although the really remarkable aberrations are of very rare occurrence. A number of the more striking 

 forms have been named, as well as some which can scarcely be called striking, and it has not been easy to 

 naevata. work out their synonymy satisfactorily. — ab. naevata Bastelb., proposed for those second-brood forms in 

 which the distal blotches occupy the entire marginal area and are purplish, not grey, in colour, has given 

 rise to some controversy, some lepidopterists having attempted to use the name comprehensively, for the 

 entire second generation, while others have taken an entirely opposite view, regarding the name as untenable 

 because the form is connected by all transitions with the type. Specimens with more than one reddish 

 blotch do even occur, though very sparingly, among the spring brood, probably chiefiy in southern localities. 

 I have never met with such in Britain, but Dadd records 2, from England, dated 25"' May and 3P' May. 

 lu any case the extreme form, which Bastelberger expressly indicated, belongs only to the summer brood 

 and the name, even though only as "ab.", is valuable. It cannot, however, be restricted as regards the 

 foliata. coloration, as the blotches are occasionally grey. — ab. foliata Fuchs is a more extreme summer-brood 

 development, both wings bearing a complete series of conlluent distal blotches. In the few examples which 

 1 have seen, as is also given in Focus's description, these blotches are dark grey rather than purple, though 

 marginata some have more of a purplish tinge than others. — ab. radiotnarginata Joannis is another development of 

 this summer-brood form, intermediate between naevata and foliata; the grey colour in the distal area of the 

 forewing is disposed in a uniform series of thick streaks along the veins which tend to become confluent 

 proximally but are separated by narrow streaks of the ground-colour distally; in the hindwing the grey distal 

 shading is, in the type-specimen, much slighter, but I have before me a fine specimen from the Zeller 

 collection in which it is fully as strongly developed as on the forewing and in the same rayed form. 



angularia. Described from a single example, Morbihan. I have seen 2 or 3 others. — ab. subangularia Haiv., of which 

 the type is lost, seems to have been an unimportant aberration with the wings rather more angular than 

 usual, the median shade more bent, especially on the hindwing, where it became angled. England. ^ ab. 



infuscata. infuscata Renter shows an increase of the fuscous dusting both above and beneath and a strong smoky band 



arcufera. densely dark-dotted on each side. — • ab. arcufera Renter is a curious form in which the thick median shade 



of the forewing is very strongly bent basewards in the middle so that instead of running to the posterior 



margin it terminates in the cell towards the base. Barrett describes a second example of the same 



"^^sciata aberration. — ab. communifasciata Don. (^ unifasciata ■ Z>ow.) is almost without markings except a slender 

 well-defined median shade. Donovan's figure shows a small, smooth-scaled form rather recalling the S 



