• XANTHABRAXAS; ABRAXAS. By L. B. Peout. 309 



N. djrouchiaria Ob. (17 b). In tlie name-typical form the black at the costal margin and bordering rijrovrhiaria. 

 the orange postmedian band is quite narrow and the hindwing has usually only slight traces of submarginal 

 line. Ta-chien-lu, Mou-pin and Che-tou. — montana Leech is smaller, the black markings widened, hind- nwnkma. 

 wing with a larger black spot at apsx and larger, partly connected submarginal spots. Common on the summit 

 of Mount Omei in August. 



N. tandjrinaria Ob. (15 a as tjandjraria). I am not sure that this is specifically distinct from the luwJjri- 

 foliowing, but it lacks the black discal dots and has a rather differently shaped, less reddish orange distal border nana. 



to the forewing. Chang Yang, Ta-chien-lu and Chia-kou-ho. 



N. consimilaria Leech shows on each wing a distinct black discal dot and has the black line pro- consimi- 

 ximally to the orange band, somewhat angulated near the costal margin, the angle pointing basewards. Ta-chien- 

 lu, Pu-tsu-fang and Wa-ssu-kow. 



N. oberthiiri Leech (14 h) differs in its broader orange border, elongate black cell-mark of the fore- obcrthiiri. 

 wing and deeper black bands. Mou-pin and Huang-mu-chang. 



N. nubiferaria Leech (14 h) is the most inconspicuous species, being even more thinly scaled than nuhlferaria. 

 the rest, the markings shadowy grey, chiefly confmed to the costal and distal margins of the forewing. Probably 

 related to abraxaria. Tibet: Hou-kow. 



11. Genus : Xautliabraxas Wan. 



Face rough-scaled. Palpus moderate. Antenna in ^ thickened, lamellate. Forewing rather elongate, 

 costal margin strongly convex at bass and near apex, distal margin regularly curved; cell rather long, 

 rather narrow at end; costal remote from subcostals, 1st and 2nd subcostals free. 



Only one species is known, inhabiting China. Rather distinct in colour and markings, but showing 

 little structural difference from Obeidia, Gystidia, etc. 



X. hemionata (?itew. (15 a). Recognizable at a glance by the bright yellow colour, sinous bands and hemmiaia. 

 dark rays on the veins distally. N. China, Central China and Mou-pin, etc. (W. China). 



12. Genus: Abraxas Leach. 



Face smooth. Palpus rather short, shortly rough-scaled. Antenna in ^ thickened with appressed 

 serration. Hindtibia in ^ dilated. Wings ample but rather weak, not very densely scaled. Fovea wan- 

 ting. Forewing with 1st subcostal arising from 2nd and running into costal, or very exceptionally absent. 



Larva in the typical species variegated, with large dorsal spots, secreting a nauseous fluid which 

 renders it immune from the attacks of many insect-enemies. Pupa in the typical species black with yellow 

 rings, not subterranean. 



A moderately large genus, having its head-quarters in India, China and Japan but with a few 

 stragglers in Europe and a few in the Malayan subregion and as far as N. Australia. 



The species are often excessively abundant and although moderately conspicuous by day are little 

 persecuted by birds, etc. 



John proposes to separate the sylvata group generically from grossulariata, under the name of Calospi- 

 los Hbn. — on account of a difference in the subcostal venation and the (J genitalia, but the former is inconstant 

 and the latter not investigated in most of the extra-European species. 



A, grossulariata L. (15 a). Distinct from nearly all the other species in the deeper black markings, yrossula- 

 the rather large and generally regular marginal spots, the clearly defined yellow postmedian band, etc. Extra- rkita. 



ordinarily variable, especially in artificial breeding. Over 30 aberrations so obtained have received names from 

 R.4YX0R (Ent. Rec. vols. 15, 19, 21, 22); only a few of the principal forms can be considered here. — ab. can- Candida. 

 dida Ray nor is entirely white, the position of the black markings famtly indicated in yellowish. — ab. dohrnii dohrnii. 

 Koenig (= deleta Ghll., cuneifera Warr., flavofasciata Huene, lacticolor Raynor) is an important recurrent aber- 

 ration which has been proved to show a somewhat complicated Mendelian inheritance. xAU the black markings 

 are much reduced, the yellow subbasal and postmedian bands widened; hindwing white with minute discal 

 dot, traces of postmedian vein-dots and reduced black terminal spots. It occurs chiefly in England and Russia. 

 — ab. chakozona Raynor resembles the preceding but has the yellow replaced by coppery bronze. — ab. chalcozona. 



