﻿PHYSICAL 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  THE 
  ITPPEK 
  PTJNJiB. 
  65 
  

  

  frontier, 
  where 
  the 
  westerly 
  run 
  of 
  the 
  rocky 
  ridges 
  is, 
  so 
  to 
  speak, 
  

   crushed 
  against 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  stronger 
  nearly 
  north 
  and 
  south 
  run 
  of 
  

   the 
  Suliman 
  range. 
  

  

  The 
  hills 
  forming 
  the 
  outworks 
  of 
  the 
  Himalaya 
  in 
  this 
  district, 
  

   may 
  be 
  said 
  roughly 
  to 
  vary 
  from 
  below 
  5000 
  to 
  over 
  9000 
  feet 
  

   above 
  sea-level, 
  the 
  higher 
  elevations 
  of 
  14,000 
  and 
  15,000 
  feet 
  

   belonging 
  to 
  lofty 
  chains 
  forming 
  integral 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  above 
  

   mountain-system. 
  The 
  most 
  lofty 
  peak, 
  perhaps, 
  in 
  view 
  from 
  the 
  

   higher 
  hills 
  between 
  Murree 
  and 
  Abbottabad 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  Nanga 
  

   Parbat 
  (Nunga 
  Parbut), 
  26,000 
  and 
  odd 
  feet, 
  situated 
  near 
  Astor, 
  

   north 
  of 
  the 
  Kashmere 
  valley. 
  The 
  Salt-range 
  elevations 
  reach 
  

   from 
  2000 
  to 
  5000 
  feet 
  above 
  sea-level 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  intervening 
  plateau 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  may 
  be 
  taken 
  at 
  1700 
  feet, 
  the 
  altitude 
  of 
  Rawul 
  Pindi 
  

   Station. 
  

  

  9. 
  One 
  peculiarity 
  to 
  be 
  mentioned 
  before 
  passing 
  on 
  is, 
  that 
  a 
  

   decided 
  difference 
  exists 
  between 
  the 
  physical 
  geology 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  

   Himalayan 
  regions 
  and 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range, 
  akin 
  to 
  the 
  differ- 
  

   ence 
  between 
  the 
  Alpine 
  and 
  extra-Alpine 
  characters 
  of 
  European 
  

   rock-groups*. 
  Taking 
  the 
  Obolus- 
  (or 
  Siphonotreta-) 
  zone 
  of 
  the 
  

   Salt 
  range 
  and 
  the 
  Attock 
  slates 
  of 
  the 
  Himalayan 
  hills 
  to 
  be 
  both 
  

   Silurianf 
  , 
  they 
  are 
  marked 
  by 
  characters 
  petrographically 
  entirely 
  

   distinct, 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  Silurian 
  upwards 
  to 
  the 
  Miocene 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  

   formation 
  common 
  to 
  both 
  localities 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  present 
  in 
  each 
  

   strong 
  dissimilarity 
  both 
  in 
  lithological 
  aspect 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  assem- 
  

   blage 
  of 
  contained 
  organic 
  remains, 
  though 
  the 
  latter 
  prove 
  the 
  

   rocks 
  to 
  be 
  Triassic, 
  Jurassic, 
  Cretaceous, 
  or 
  Eocene, 
  as 
  the 
  case 
  

   may 
  be, 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  certainty 
  in 
  one 
  locality 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  other. 
  

  

  There 
  appears, 
  then, 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  parallel 
  between 
  the 
  Alpine 
  and 
  

   extra- 
  Alpine 
  and 
  the 
  Himalayan 
  and 
  extra-Himalayan 
  features 
  of 
  

   these 
  two 
  distant 
  regions 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  diversity 
  of 
  character 
  in 
  this 
  

   district 
  has 
  been 
  contended 
  for 
  no 
  further 
  in 
  the 
  ascending 
  series 
  

   than 
  above 
  the 
  Eocene, 
  because 
  the 
  Miocene 
  forms 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   great 
  Tertiary 
  sandstone, 
  conglomerate 
  and 
  clay 
  belt, 
  which 
  is 
  in 
  

   contact 
  on 
  different 
  sides 
  with 
  both 
  Himalayan 
  and 
  extra-Hima- 
  

   layan 
  rocks 
  J. 
  Even 
  in 
  the 
  Miocene 
  formation, 
  however, 
  some 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  verification 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  Palaeontological 
  officers 
  of 
  the 
  Geo- 
  

   logical 
  Survey 
  of 
  India. 
  

  

  t 
  The 
  reasons 
  for 
  provisionally 
  assuming 
  the 
  Attock 
  slates 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  Silurian 
  

   age 
  are 
  their 
  similarity 
  of 
  position 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Stoliczka's 
  Himalayan 
  sec- 
  

   tions, 
  and 
  the 
  recorded 
  fact 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Falconer 
  and 
  Major 
  Vicary 
  having 
  discovered 
  

   the 
  existence 
  of 
  Silurian 
  fossils 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  drained 
  bv 
  the 
  Cabul 
  river 
  

   (Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  vii. 
  p. 
  38), 
  mountains 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  fairly 
  supposed 
  

   to 
  be 
  formed 
  by 
  an 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  slates 
  known 
  to 
  project 
  westward 
  into 
  the 
  

   Peshawur 
  valley 
  beyond 
  Attock. 
  

  

  | 
  Pending 
  the 
  possible 
  discovery 
  of 
  Carboniferous 
  rocks 
  in 
  the 
  outer 
  Hima- 
  

   laya 
  of 
  the 
  Upper 
  Punjab, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  as 
  well 
  to 
  state 
  that 
  among 
  the 
  Kashmere 
  

   Carboniferous 
  fossils 
  occurring 
  within 
  the 
  Himalayan 
  region, 
  species 
  probably 
  

   identical 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range 
  have 
  been 
  determined 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  remains 
  

   to 
  be 
  seen 
  whether 
  the 
  whole 
  Carboniferous 
  fauna 
  of 
  one 
  locality 
  is 
  or 
  is 
  not 
  

   identical 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  other. 
  The 
  rocks 
  are 
  certainly 
  different: 
  limestones 
  

   occur 
  in 
  both 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  dark 
  slaty 
  fossiliferous 
  Carboniferous 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  Siddur 
  

   valley 
  in 
  Cashmere 
  have 
  no 
  similarity 
  to 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  Salt-range 
  Carboniferous 
  

   beds 
  with 
  which 
  the 
  writer 
  is 
  acquainted. 
  

  

  