﻿PHYSICAL 
  GEOLOGY 
  OP 
  THE 
  UPPER 
  PUNJAB. 
  67 
  

  

  clays 
  containing 
  harder 
  slightly 
  calcareous 
  layers 
  interstratified 
  with 
  

   grey 
  sandstones. 
  The 
  upper 
  and 
  lower 
  boundaries 
  of 
  this 
  group 
  are 
  

   quite 
  indefinite 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  only 
  fossils 
  found 
  in 
  it 
  besides 
  obscure 
  

   plant-markings 
  are 
  small 
  fragments 
  of 
  bones. 
  So 
  far 
  as 
  position 
  

   goes, 
  this 
  zone 
  seems 
  to 
  correspond 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  with 
  another 
  to 
  be 
  

   presently 
  noticed 
  under 
  the 
  letter 
  E. 
  

  

  C. 
  The 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  red 
  band 
  just 
  mentioned 
  passes 
  gradu- 
  

   ally 
  into 
  a 
  great 
  thickness 
  of 
  soft 
  pulverulent 
  grey 
  or 
  light 
  bluish 
  

   sandstones, 
  alternating 
  with 
  red 
  clays 
  and 
  occasional 
  bands 
  of 
  light- 
  

   coloured 
  slightly 
  ferruginous 
  conglomerate, 
  which 
  sometimes 
  con- 
  

   tain 
  bones, 
  and 
  pebbles 
  of 
  Nummulitic 
  limestone 
  enclosing 
  small 
  

   Nummulites. 
  The 
  strong 
  light-coloured 
  sandstones 
  have 
  here 
  and 
  

   there 
  thin 
  layers 
  of 
  lignite, 
  the 
  carbonized 
  remains 
  of 
  fossil 
  plants 
  

   or 
  trees 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  zone 
  has 
  been 
  called 
  the 
  " 
  red 
  and 
  grey 
  group." 
  

  

  D. 
  Above 
  these 
  red 
  and 
  grey 
  beds 
  the 
  sandstones 
  continue 
  of 
  

   much 
  the 
  same 
  character 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  alternating 
  clays 
  are 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  of 
  an 
  orange-drab 
  or 
  pink 
  colour, 
  and 
  towards 
  the 
  top 
  

   the 
  series 
  gradually 
  passes 
  into 
  a 
  thick 
  set 
  of 
  incoherent 
  boulder- 
  

   and 
  pebble-beds, 
  sometimes 
  cemented 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  form 
  conglomerates, 
  

   the 
  pebbles 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  a 
  most 
  heterogeneous 
  assemblage 
  derived 
  

   from 
  the 
  crystalline, 
  igneous, 
  and 
  limestone 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  Himalaya. 
  

   In 
  the 
  sandy 
  beds 
  associated 
  with 
  this 
  conglomerate 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   group 
  fossil 
  bones 
  also 
  occur 
  ; 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  waste 
  of 
  the 
  softer 
  

   strata 
  the 
  gold 
  of 
  the 
  Pot'war 
  country 
  is 
  apparently 
  obtained. 
  

  

  Throughout 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  foregoing 
  and 
  among 
  the 
  rocks 
  

   next 
  to 
  be 
  mentioned 
  are 
  numerous 
  beds 
  of 
  a 
  fine 
  pseudo-conglo- 
  

   meratic 
  aspect, 
  composed 
  of 
  a 
  sandy 
  calcareous 
  matrix 
  charged 
  

   with 
  small 
  clay 
  concretions 
  and 
  sometimes 
  ferruginous 
  nodules. 
  

   These 
  beds 
  not 
  unfrequently 
  contain 
  fragments 
  of 
  bones. 
  

  

  E. 
  So 
  far 
  the 
  succession 
  has 
  been 
  traced 
  from 
  the 
  Salt-range 
  

   bottom 
  beds 
  upwards 
  ; 
  but 
  on 
  coming 
  to 
  the 
  northern 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   Tertiary 
  sandstone, 
  clay, 
  and 
  conglomerate 
  belt, 
  we 
  find 
  a 
  change 
  

   in 
  the 
  formation. 
  Here 
  the 
  series 
  may 
  be 
  followed 
  downwards 
  

   from 
  the 
  group 
  D 
  through 
  C 
  ; 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  place 
  of 
  the 
  red 
  zone 
  B 
  is 
  

   a 
  very 
  great 
  thickness 
  of 
  purple 
  and 
  grey 
  and 
  purplish- 
  grey 
  or 
  blue 
  

   sandstones, 
  of 
  much 
  harder 
  nature 
  than 
  any 
  of 
  those 
  previously 
  

   described, 
  with 
  polished 
  metallic-looking 
  films, 
  as 
  of 
  iron 
  or 
  man- 
  

   ganese, 
  on 
  joint-surfaces, 
  alternating 
  with 
  purple 
  or 
  reddish 
  clays 
  

   not 
  unfrequently 
  having 
  a 
  nodular 
  structure. 
  The 
  sandstones 
  are 
  

   often 
  veined 
  with 
  carbonate 
  of 
  lime 
  and 
  penetrated 
  by 
  obscure 
  

   plant-impressions; 
  and 
  more 
  rarely 
  they 
  enclose 
  imperfect 
  bone- 
  

   fragments. 
  

  

  Along 
  the 
  southern 
  edge 
  of 
  this 
  band 
  its 
  beds 
  pass 
  without 
  any 
  

   abrupt 
  or 
  marked 
  change 
  into 
  the 
  " 
  red 
  and 
  grey 
  series 
  " 
  C 
  ; 
  but 
  

   on 
  the 
  northern 
  side, 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  limestone 
  hills 
  (or 
  where 
  all 
  

   is 
  hilly 
  ground, 
  then 
  contiguous 
  to 
  the 
  hill-limestones), 
  there 
  are 
  

   many 
  alternations 
  of 
  purple 
  and 
  red 
  beds, 
  with 
  grey 
  and 
  yellow 
  

   muddy 
  calcareous 
  strata, 
  associated 
  with 
  dark 
  olive, 
  blackish 
  purple, 
  

   or 
  greenish-grey 
  shaly 
  and 
  sandstone 
  bands, 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  

   which 
  a 
  zone 
  of 
  very 
  red 
  clay, 
  including 
  layers, 
  veins, 
  and 
  masses 
  

  

  