﻿PHYSICAL 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  THE 
  UPPEK 
  PUNJAB. 
  69 
  

  

  rolled 
  pebbles 
  were 
  derived 
  ; 
  but 
  other 
  fragments 
  associated 
  with 
  

   them 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  come 
  from 
  a 
  northerly 
  direction 
  rather 
  than 
  

   from 
  the 
  Salt 
  range, 
  where 
  apparent 
  conformity 
  has 
  been 
  stated 
  to 
  

   exist*. 
  

  

  1«S. 
  This 
  state 
  of 
  things 
  seems 
  widely 
  different 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   Simla 
  area, 
  where 
  Mr. 
  Medlicott, 
  who 
  speaks 
  of 
  the 
  Murree 
  rocks 
  as 
  

   Subathu, 
  and 
  the 
  beds 
  next 
  succeeding 
  the 
  Salt-range 
  Nummulitic 
  

   as 
  Sivalik 
  (Memoir 
  previously 
  referred 
  to), 
  has 
  found 
  two 
  strong 
  

   unconformities 
  or 
  overlaps 
  — 
  namely, 
  between 
  his 
  Sivalik 
  and 
  Nahun, 
  

   and 
  between 
  his 
  Nahun 
  and 
  Subathu 
  groups 
  ; 
  further, 
  Mr. 
  Medlicott 
  

   has 
  found 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  detrital 
  zone 
  of 
  the 
  Simla 
  

   area 
  from 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  his 
  Subathu 
  group 
  upwards 
  discordant 
  to 
  the 
  

   Himalayan 
  and 
  Hill 
  series, 
  and 
  discordant 
  to 
  each 
  other, 
  all 
  three 
  

   of 
  his 
  divisions 
  transgressively 
  reaching 
  and 
  resting 
  upon 
  the 
  older 
  

   rocks. 
  

  

  Referring 
  to 
  the 
  Report 
  of 
  the 
  Simla 
  area, 
  it 
  appears 
  impossible 
  

   to 
  disagree 
  with 
  the 
  author's 
  conclusions 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  relations 
  of 
  the 
  

   newer 
  rocks 
  in 
  that 
  country. 
  Here, 
  however, 
  the 
  structural 
  features 
  

   differ 
  from 
  those 
  he 
  describes, 
  and 
  the 
  breaks 
  may 
  not 
  have 
  existed 
  to 
  

   the 
  same 
  extent 
  ; 
  but 
  this 
  supposition 
  interferes 
  with 
  the 
  connexion 
  he 
  

   would 
  establish 
  between 
  their 
  existence 
  and 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  elevation 
  of 
  

   the 
  Himalaya 
  — 
  unless 
  a 
  difference 
  may 
  have 
  existed 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  kind 
  

   of 
  formative 
  agency 
  which 
  produced 
  the 
  Himalayan 
  extension 
  to- 
  

   wards 
  the 
  Upper 
  Punjab. 
  

  

  14. 
  The 
  junction 
  of 
  these 
  newer 
  Tertiary 
  rocks 
  with 
  those 
  

   forming 
  the 
  higher 
  of 
  the 
  Outer 
  Himalayan 
  hills, 
  both 
  in 
  the 
  Simla 
  

   area 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Upper 
  Punjab, 
  is 
  one 
  apparently 
  marked 
  by 
  much 
  

   the 
  same 
  features 
  of 
  disturbance, 
  distortion, 
  and 
  inversion, 
  or 
  abnor- 
  

   mal 
  superposition 
  in 
  the 
  Tertiary 
  strata 
  along 
  the 
  contact 
  (characters 
  

   also 
  known 
  to 
  prevail 
  in 
  the 
  Alps, 
  see 
  Medlicott's 
  "The 
  Alps 
  and 
  the 
  

   Himalayas," 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  vol. 
  xxiv. 
  p. 
  34 
  &c), 
  the 
  

   chief 
  resemblance 
  being 
  that 
  in 
  both 
  regions 
  a 
  disturbed 
  and 
  abnor- 
  

   mal 
  junction 
  of 
  these 
  Tertiaries 
  with 
  the 
  hill 
  rocks 
  occupies 
  the 
  same 
  

   geographical 
  and 
  orographical 
  position 
  among 
  the 
  outer 
  hills 
  or 
  at 
  

   their 
  foot, 
  and 
  the 
  chief 
  difference 
  lying 
  in 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  

   Upper 
  Punjab 
  there 
  is 
  but 
  one 
  prominent 
  zone 
  of 
  such 
  abnormal 
  

   junction 
  (that 
  coincident 
  with 
  the 
  boundary 
  between 
  the 
  Hill-lime- 
  

   stones 
  and 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  belt), 
  while 
  in 
  the 
  Simla 
  area 
  this 
  

   feature 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  repeated 
  at 
  least 
  three 
  times 
  (Report 
  cited). 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  district 
  under 
  notice 
  this 
  junction 
  follows 
  a 
  line 
  describing 
  

   an 
  are 
  of 
  a 
  circle 
  having 
  a 
  radius 
  of 
  60 
  miles, 
  and 
  its 
  centre 
  some 
  

   72 
  miles 
  N. 
  20° 
  W. 
  from 
  Rawul 
  Pindi, 
  the 
  western 
  continuation 
  of 
  

   the 
  line 
  passing 
  with 
  less 
  curvature 
  just 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  station 
  of 
  

   Kohat, 
  whence 
  it 
  enters 
  tbe 
  Affreedi 
  and 
  other 
  Afghan 
  hills. 
  (See 
  

  

  * 
  Mr. 
  Medlicott 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  sandstones 
  and 
  clays 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  sub- 
  

   Himalayan 
  groups 
  [i. 
  e. 
  Sivalik 
  ?] 
  rest 
  upon 
  a 
  denuded 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  Nummu- 
  

   litic 
  limestone 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range 
  (Memoir 
  quoted, 
  p. 
  91). 
  Nothing 
  of 
  the 
  kind 
  

   has 
  been 
  observed 
  from 
  end 
  to 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range 
  by 
  the 
  writer, 
  but 
  the 
  

   contrary, 
  as 
  above 
  stated. 
  This, 
  however, 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  for 
  assuming 
  a 
  foregone 
  

   conclusion 
  on 
  the 
  part 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Medlicott, 
  based 
  upon 
  his 
  observations 
  in 
  the 
  

   Simla 
  area. 
  

  

  