﻿PHYSICAL 
  GEOLOGY 
  OE 
  THE 
  UPPER 
  PUNJAB. 
  71 
  

  

  the 
  hilly 
  and 
  contorted 
  limestone-and-slate 
  country 
  lying 
  just 
  north- 
  

   ward 
  of 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  contact, 
  there 
  are 
  two 
  distinct 
  unconformities 
  (see 
  

   table) 
  observable 
  without 
  difficulty, 
  notwithstanding 
  local 
  contortion 
  

   and 
  faulting 
  ; 
  and 
  this 
  being 
  the 
  case, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  easy 
  to 
  conceive 
  why 
  

   unconformity 
  should 
  be 
  invisible 
  along 
  the 
  sharply 
  defined 
  contact 
  

   of 
  the 
  lull-limestones 
  with 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  zone. 
  

  

  20. 
  Having 
  thus 
  failed 
  to 
  find 
  in 
  this 
  line 
  of 
  contact 
  proof 
  of 
  either 
  

   conformity 
  or 
  unconformity 
  of 
  the 
  adjacent 
  rocks, 
  it 
  only 
  remains 
  to 
  

   glance 
  at 
  the 
  general 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  country, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  see 
  if 
  there 
  

   are 
  any 
  points 
  observable 
  likely 
  to 
  aid 
  in 
  arriving 
  at 
  a 
  fairly 
  satis- 
  

   factory 
  explanation 
  of 
  the 
  facts. 
  

  

  A 
  feature 
  common 
  to 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  the 
  Upper 
  

   Punjab 
  is 
  prevalence 
  of 
  lateral 
  changes 
  in 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  

   formed. 
  Thus 
  the 
  great 
  Nummulitic 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range 
  die 
  

   out 
  to 
  the 
  east, 
  as 
  do 
  also 
  the 
  Carboniferous, 
  the 
  fossiliferous 
  por- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  Trias, 
  and 
  some 
  other 
  groups 
  of 
  that 
  region 
  ; 
  while 
  others, 
  

   again, 
  disappear 
  westward 
  ; 
  so 
  that 
  each 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  range 
  presents 
  

   an 
  almost 
  entirely 
  different 
  section. 
  In 
  the 
  hills 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  also 
  

   the 
  Cretaceous 
  rocks 
  have 
  a 
  local 
  development, 
  the 
  Trias 
  of 
  different 
  

   regions 
  differs, 
  and 
  the 
  character 
  of 
  the 
  Jurassic 
  beds 
  is 
  inconstant. 
  

  

  These 
  changes 
  are 
  not, 
  as 
  a 
  rule, 
  connected 
  with 
  perceptible 
  un- 
  

   conformity, 
  the 
  northern 
  Jurassic 
  group 
  being 
  the 
  " 
  exception 
  which 
  

   proves 
  the 
  rule," 
  but 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  resulted 
  from 
  gradual 
  thinning 
  

   out 
  of 
  the 
  beds, 
  their 
  original 
  partial 
  deposition 
  in 
  detached 
  patches, 
  

   or 
  difference 
  of 
  the 
  rock-forming 
  materials. 
  

  

  The 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  belt 
  presents 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  gradation 
  or 
  transition 
  

   towards 
  the 
  hill-character; 
  for 
  we 
  find 
  among 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  Murree 
  

   zone 
  harder 
  beds 
  than 
  elsewhere, 
  limestones 
  also 
  occasionally 
  appear, 
  

   and 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  dark 
  in 
  colour, 
  as 
  the 
  hill-beds 
  usually 
  are, 
  

   and 
  contain 
  in 
  places 
  the 
  same 
  kind 
  of 
  minute 
  organisms, 
  chiefly 
  un- 
  

   determined 
  Foraminifera. 
  The 
  prevalent 
  reddish 
  or 
  purple 
  colour 
  of 
  

   the 
  group 
  changes 
  too 
  ; 
  and 
  grey 
  shaly 
  bands 
  appear 
  of 
  quite 
  the 
  same 
  

   aspect 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  hill-rocks, 
  in 
  the 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  series 
  nearest 
  to 
  

   the 
  latter. 
  None 
  of 
  these 
  shales 
  nor 
  any 
  alternations 
  of 
  the 
  beds 
  with 
  

   limestones 
  characterize 
  the 
  basal 
  portion 
  of 
  these 
  newer 
  Tertiary 
  

   layers 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range. 
  

  

  The 
  Nummulitic 
  limestones 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range, 
  with 
  their 
  large 
  

   Bivalves 
  and 
  Gasteropoda, 
  have 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  shallow-water 
  

   origin, 
  while 
  the 
  diminutive 
  organisms 
  of 
  the 
  hill- 
  Nummulitic 
  Lime- 
  

   stone 
  would 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  inhabited 
  greater 
  depths. 
  

  

  Another 
  common 
  feature 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  is 
  contortion 
  of 
  its 
  strata, 
  

   this 
  disturbance 
  having 
  affected 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  very 
  newest 
  Tertiary 
  

   beds, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  place 
  them 
  in 
  a 
  vertical 
  position, 
  and 
  having 
  almost 
  

   everywhere 
  thrown 
  the 
  rocks 
  into 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  complicated 
  folds, 
  

  

  layan 
  hill-country. 
  Their 
  great 
  extent 
  along 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Himalaya 
  might 
  

   favour 
  the 
  supposition 
  that 
  they 
  stretched 
  also 
  in 
  other 
  directions 
  ; 
  but 
  in 
  a 
  

   country 
  where 
  we 
  have 
  hills 
  7000 
  ft. 
  in 
  altitude, 
  entirely 
  composed 
  of 
  these 
  

   newer 
  Tertiary 
  rocks, 
  considerable 
  masses 
  of 
  them 
  might 
  be 
  expected 
  to 
  occur 
  in 
  

   the 
  lower 
  and 
  contorted 
  limestone 
  hilly 
  ground 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  boundary, 
  i£ 
  L 
  

   they 
  had 
  ever 
  covered 
  that 
  region. 
  Such 
  masses 
  are 
  almost 
  entirely 
  absent. 
  

   Q.J. 
  G. 
  S. 
  No. 
  118. 
  h 
  

  

  