﻿78 
  A. 
  B. 
  WYNNE 
  ON 
  SOME 
  FEATURES 
  IN 
  THE 
  

  

  which 
  have 
  in 
  many 
  cases 
  been 
  pushed 
  over 
  from 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  

   mountains 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  produce 
  inversion 
  of 
  the 
  strata. 
  As 
  instances 
  of 
  

   this, 
  may 
  be 
  mentioned 
  the 
  complication 
  near 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  

   Chichalee 
  pass, 
  westward 
  of 
  Kalabagh 
  (trans-Indus)*, 
  the 
  convolu- 
  

   tions 
  along 
  the 
  escarpment 
  or 
  slopes 
  of 
  the 
  Affreedi 
  hills 
  overlook- 
  

   ing 
  Kohat, 
  and 
  the 
  well-marked 
  case 
  on 
  the 
  hill 
  road 
  from 
  Shaal'- 
  

   ditta 
  to 
  Khanpoor, 
  northwards 
  from 
  Eawul 
  Pindi, 
  where 
  the 
  Jurassic 
  

   series 
  behind 
  the 
  outer 
  ridge, 
  with 
  its 
  characteristic 
  band, 
  one 
  mass 
  

   of 
  a 
  large 
  Trigonia 
  (like 
  T. 
  ventricosa, 
  Krauss), 
  almost 
  horizontally 
  

   overlies 
  the 
  Nummulitic 
  limestoue. 
  

  

  It 
  must 
  be 
  admitted 
  that, 
  were 
  these 
  numerous 
  foldings 
  and 
  con- 
  

   tortions 
  expanded 
  and 
  restored 
  to 
  their 
  original 
  horizontality, 
  or 
  any 
  

   thing 
  like 
  it, 
  the 
  area 
  occupied 
  by 
  the 
  now 
  contorted 
  rocks 
  would 
  be 
  

   much 
  greater 
  than 
  it 
  is 
  at 
  present. 
  

  

  21. 
  All 
  geological 
  formations 
  being 
  subject 
  to 
  lateral 
  variability, 
  

   it 
  would 
  seem 
  from 
  the 
  foregoing 
  remarks 
  that 
  those 
  of 
  this 
  district 
  

   are 
  no 
  exceptions 
  to 
  the 
  rule, 
  if, 
  indeed, 
  the 
  variability 
  is 
  not 
  un- 
  

   usually 
  pronounced 
  throughout 
  the 
  local 
  formations. 
  Hence 
  it 
  does 
  

   not 
  seem 
  improbable 
  that 
  the 
  red 
  Tertiary 
  zone 
  of 
  the 
  Salt 
  range 
  

   may 
  correspond 
  to 
  the 
  Murree 
  group 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   Tertiary 
  belt, 
  so 
  that, 
  if 
  we 
  could 
  eliminate 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  abnormal 
  con- 
  

   tact 
  bounding 
  the 
  latter, 
  we 
  should 
  have 
  an 
  ascending 
  sequence 
  from 
  

   the 
  Salt-range 
  Nummulitic 
  to 
  the 
  newest 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  on 
  

   that 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  belt, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  another 
  ascending 
  sequence 
  

   from 
  the 
  hill- 
  Nummulitic 
  Limestone, 
  but 
  one 
  formed 
  under 
  different 
  

   conditions 
  of 
  depth 
  of 
  water, 
  contemporaneous 
  with 
  the 
  former, 
  yet 
  

   only 
  in 
  a 
  general 
  way, 
  neither 
  succession 
  being 
  wholly 
  without 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  interruption, 
  in 
  the 
  small 
  rolled 
  pebbles 
  of 
  fossiliferous 
  

   Nummulitic 
  limestone 
  previously 
  mentioned. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  the 
  hill- 
  Nummulitic 
  Limestones 
  alternated 
  some- 
  

   what 
  in 
  their 
  upper 
  portion 
  with 
  the 
  purple 
  and 
  grey 
  Murree 
  beds, 
  

   in 
  favour 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  similarity 
  of 
  certain 
  of 
  the 
  basal 
  limestones 
  

   and 
  shales 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  hill- 
  Nummulitic 
  rocks, 
  may 
  be 
  again 
  

   noticed 
  as 
  indicating 
  a 
  slow 
  change 
  of 
  condition, 
  although 
  the 
  two 
  

   groups 
  are 
  now 
  separated 
  by 
  the 
  most 
  abrupt 
  discordance, 
  disturbance, 
  

   and 
  displacement. 
  This 
  change, 
  too, 
  may 
  have 
  taken 
  place 
  over 
  a 
  

   much 
  wider 
  area 
  than 
  that 
  now 
  occupied 
  by 
  the 
  rocks, 
  if 
  the 
  lateral 
  

   expansion 
  caused 
  by 
  restoring 
  the 
  contorted 
  beds 
  to 
  their 
  original 
  

   horizontality 
  be 
  granted, 
  thus 
  enlarging 
  the 
  space 
  within 
  which 
  

   thinning 
  out 
  might 
  have 
  occurred. 
  

  

  "With 
  regard 
  to 
  a 
  separation 
  from 
  an 
  early 
  Tertiary 
  period 
  between 
  

   the 
  Salt 
  range 
  and 
  northern 
  hill-regions, 
  this 
  seems 
  possible. 
  The 
  

   nature 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  belt 
  suggests 
  a 
  shallow-water 
  origin 
  ; 
  and 
  

   yet 
  in 
  the 
  Murree 
  beds 
  alone 
  a 
  thickness 
  (which 
  no 
  reason 
  exists 
  to 
  

   doubt) 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  and 
  a 
  half, 
  or 
  nearly 
  8000 
  feet, 
  has 
  been 
  observed, 
  

   while 
  10,000 
  or 
  15,000 
  feet 
  does 
  not 
  appear 
  at 
  all 
  too 
  much 
  for 
  the 
  

   whole 
  series 
  : 
  but 
  this 
  means 
  2500 
  fathoms 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  impossibility 
  of 
  

  

  * 
  Noticed 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Fleming, 
  who 
  gives 
  a 
  somewhat 
  imperfect 
  illustrative 
  section 
  

   across 
  the 
  inversion. 
  See 
  his 
  report 
  to 
  Grov. 
  of 
  India, 
  Journ. 
  Asiat. 
  Soc. 
  Beng. 
  

   1853, 
  pp, 
  266, 
  267. 
  

  

  