﻿PHYSICAL 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  THE 
  UPPEB 
  PUNJAB. 
  79 
  

  

  associating 
  such 
  a 
  depth 
  with 
  the 
  idea 
  of 
  a 
  shallow 
  sea 
  or 
  lake 
  con- 
  

   strains 
  one 
  to 
  call 
  in 
  the 
  aid 
  of 
  subsidence 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  accumu- 
  

   lation. 
  Subsidence, 
  however, 
  can 
  hardly 
  be 
  universal 
  any 
  more 
  than 
  

   elevation 
  ; 
  so 
  that 
  an 
  idea 
  of 
  limitation 
  is 
  suggested 
  for 
  the 
  area 
  re- 
  

   ceiving 
  the 
  deposits 
  and 
  consequent 
  denudation 
  round 
  the 
  border. 
  

   The 
  first 
  clear 
  evidence 
  of 
  this 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  before 
  us 
  dates 
  from 
  a 
  

   considerable 
  height 
  in 
  the 
  post-Nummulitic 
  series. 
  

  

  22. 
  In 
  conclusion 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  inferred 
  from 
  the 
  foregoing 
  observa- 
  

   tions 
  that 
  the 
  physical 
  relation 
  between 
  the 
  outer 
  Himalayan 
  lime- 
  

   stones, 
  &c, 
  and 
  the 
  adjacent 
  great 
  Tertiary 
  belt 
  are 
  obscure 
  in 
  the 
  

   Upper 
  Punjab, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  local 
  facts 
  hardly 
  warrant 
  the 
  close 
  

   application 
  of 
  arguments 
  used 
  to 
  explain 
  some 
  similar 
  relations 
  in 
  

   the 
  Simla 
  area. 
  Palpable 
  unconformity 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  found 
  along 
  

   the 
  region 
  of 
  contact, 
  nor 
  any 
  positive 
  evidence 
  leading 
  to 
  the 
  con- 
  

   viction 
  that 
  it 
  exists. 
  

  

  Inversion 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  strata 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  band 
  is 
  common 
  

   close 
  to 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  contact 
  ; 
  but 
  this 
  is 
  not 
  surprising, 
  the 
  violent 
  

   disturbance 
  which 
  has 
  affected 
  all 
  the 
  rocks 
  having 
  inverted 
  some 
  of 
  

   the 
  hill-limestones 
  within 
  a 
  comparatively 
  short 
  distance 
  of 
  the 
  

   junction. 
  It 
  would 
  also 
  appear 
  that 
  the 
  Simla 
  area 
  possesses 
  a 
  struc- 
  

   ture 
  more 
  easily 
  comprehended 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  

   zone 
  has 
  a 
  definite 
  Nummulitic 
  (Subathu) 
  base 
  resting 
  on 
  rocks 
  of 
  

   uncertain 
  age, 
  while 
  here 
  Nummulitic 
  rocks 
  certainly 
  occur 
  on 
  both 
  

   sides 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  outer 
  Tertiary 
  abnormal 
  boundary. 
  This 
  abnormal 
  

   junction-line 
  is 
  evidently 
  a 
  feature 
  inseparably 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  

   causation 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  mountain-chains, 
  preserving, 
  as 
  it 
  does, 
  a 
  

   parallelism 
  to 
  the 
  axes 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  ranges 
  ; 
  and 
  whether 
  it 
  marks 
  

   an 
  invisible 
  break 
  in 
  the 
  series 
  or 
  not, 
  the 
  conviction 
  is 
  strongly 
  

   impressed 
  on 
  the 
  observer 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  chiefly 
  due 
  to 
  intensity 
  of 
  distur- 
  

   bance 
  amounting 
  to 
  fracture 
  and 
  dislocation, 
  combined 
  with 
  more 
  or 
  

   less 
  complicated 
  inversion, 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  lateral 
  pressure 
  along 
  a 
  

   region 
  which 
  has 
  suffered, 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  cause, 
  a 
  similar 
  thrust 
  

   to 
  that 
  affecting 
  the 
  place 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  any 
  ordinary 
  

   arch. 
  

  

  The 
  detailed 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  Punjab 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  com- 
  

   pleted 
  ; 
  and 
  only 
  the 
  general 
  facts 
  bearing 
  upon 
  the 
  peculiar 
  junction- 
  

   boundary 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  and 
  important 
  group 
  of 
  the 
  local 
  rocks 
  have 
  been 
  

   considered, 
  with 
  the 
  impression 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  only 
  by 
  collecting 
  such 
  facts 
  

   and 
  comparing 
  them 
  with 
  others 
  similarly 
  obtained 
  that 
  the 
  nature 
  

   and 
  value 
  of 
  obscure 
  points 
  in 
  physical 
  geology 
  can 
  be 
  arrived 
  at. 
  

  

  EXPLANATION 
  OF 
  PLATE 
  VII. 
  

  

  Sketch 
  Map 
  showing 
  the 
  Newer 
  Tertiary 
  boundary 
  in 
  North-western 
  India. 
  

  

  Discussion. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Drew 
  gave 
  some 
  further 
  explanation 
  of 
  the 
  author's 
  views 
  

   and 
  of 
  the 
  geology 
  of 
  the 
  district. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Ramsay 
  agreed 
  with 
  the 
  author 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  analogy 
  between 
  

  

  h2 
  

  

  