﻿100 
  1. 
  CLIFTON 
  WARD 
  ON 
  THE 
  ORIGIN 
  OF 
  SOME 
  

  

  vale, 
  and 
  over 
  the 
  low 
  ridge 
  towards 
  Keswick 
  (see 
  Map. 
  PL 
  IX.). 
  

   Besides 
  these, 
  sheets 
  of 
  ice 
  of 
  greater 
  or 
  less 
  size 
  probably 
  descended 
  

   the 
  southern 
  slopes 
  of 
  Skiddaw 
  and 
  came 
  down 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  

   Glenderaterra. 
  The 
  main 
  valley, 
  just 
  below 
  Keswick, 
  is 
  about 
  

   three 
  miles 
  in 
  width, 
  between 
  Braithwaite 
  and 
  Latrigg 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  

   seems 
  almost 
  certain 
  that 
  the 
  confluent 
  glaciers 
  occupied 
  the 
  whole 
  

   width 
  to 
  the 
  thickness 
  at 
  least 
  of 
  a 
  thousand 
  feet. 
  Only 
  two 
  or 
  

   three 
  miles 
  further 
  down, 
  however, 
  this 
  great 
  volume 
  of 
  ice 
  had 
  to 
  

   pass 
  through 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  valley 
  not 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  mile 
  wide 
  at 
  its 
  

   base, 
  between 
  Barf 
  and 
  Dodd 
  (fig. 
  14), 
  beyond 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  able 
  to 
  

   escape 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  and 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  Bassenthwaite 
  Lake, 
  

   mainly 
  at 
  first, 
  I 
  should 
  fancy, 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  (over 
  into 
  Wythop 
  

   vale, 
  fig. 
  15), 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  pressure 
  from 
  ice-sheets 
  probably 
  

   shed 
  westward 
  and 
  north-westward 
  from 
  the 
  lofty 
  mountain 
  mass 
  

   of 
  Skiddaw. 
  It 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  deepest 
  part 
  of 
  Bassenthwaite 
  

   is 
  along 
  the 
  western 
  side, 
  just 
  where 
  resistance 
  to 
  the 
  westward 
  

   trending 
  of 
  the 
  glacier 
  would 
  be 
  most 
  felt 
  ; 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  it 
  

   is 
  evident 
  what 
  a 
  small 
  proportion 
  the 
  depth 
  of 
  the 
  long 
  narrow 
  

   trough 
  bears 
  to 
  the 
  probable 
  thickness 
  of 
  the 
  ice*. 
  

  

  Turning 
  next 
  to 
  the 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  Buttermere, 
  

   Crummock, 
  and 
  Loweswater, 
  we 
  are 
  struck 
  at 
  once 
  with 
  the 
  differ- 
  

   ence 
  in 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  valley-bottom, 
  when 
  seen 
  in 
  section 
  (figs. 
  5-10), 
  

   from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  valley 
  in 
  which 
  Derwentwater 
  and 
  Bassenthwaite 
  lie 
  

   (figs. 
  13-16). 
  In 
  the 
  latter 
  case 
  the 
  contour 
  is 
  like 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  

   wide 
  flat-bottomed 
  pan, 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  (Buttermere, 
  Crummock, 
  and 
  

   Loweswater) 
  like 
  a 
  round-bottomed 
  basin. 
  

  

  The 
  head 
  source 
  of 
  the 
  Buttermere 
  glacier 
  was 
  upon 
  Fleetwith, 
  

   below 
  Grey 
  Knotts, 
  whence 
  ice-streams 
  flowed 
  down 
  on 
  both 
  north 
  

   and 
  south 
  sides 
  of 
  Honister 
  Crag, 
  uniting 
  with 
  one 
  another 
  to 
  

   form 
  the 
  main 
  glacier 
  just 
  at 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  Buttermere 
  

   Lake, 
  where 
  the 
  valley 
  is 
  narrowest, 
  the 
  mountains 
  on 
  either 
  side 
  the 
  

   most 
  lofty, 
  and 
  where 
  also 
  the 
  greatest 
  depth 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  lake 
  is 
  

   found 
  (see 
  Map, 
  PL 
  IX., 
  and 
  figs. 
  5 
  & 
  19). 
  The 
  two 
  ice-streams 
  

   are 
  represented 
  in 
  fig. 
  4, 
  and 
  the 
  glacier 
  after 
  their 
  union 
  in 
  fig. 
  5. 
  

   It 
  will 
  also 
  be 
  noticed 
  on 
  reference 
  to 
  fig. 
  1 
  that 
  the 
  present 
  lake 
  

   commences 
  just 
  at 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  the 
  steeper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  glacier-bed, 
  and 
  

   that 
  beyond 
  this 
  point 
  to 
  the 
  further 
  end 
  of 
  Crummock 
  there 
  is 
  

   scarcely 
  any 
  incline. 
  

  

  Besides 
  the 
  small 
  glaciers 
  shed 
  down 
  the 
  steep 
  hill- 
  side 
  from 
  

   Burtnessf 
  and 
  Bleaberry 
  Tarn 
  J 
  Combs, 
  a 
  considerable 
  ice-stream, 
  

   coming 
  down 
  the 
  Mill-Beck 
  valley, 
  must 
  have 
  joined 
  the 
  main 
  

   glacier 
  and 
  helped 
  to 
  swell 
  its 
  mass 
  (fig. 
  6). 
  In 
  my 
  former 
  paper 
  I 
  

   showed 
  that 
  the 
  Buttermere 
  glacier 
  on 
  approaching 
  Mellbreak 
  was 
  

   probably 
  split 
  into 
  two 
  branches, 
  the 
  main 
  mass 
  continuing 
  down 
  

   the 
  valley, 
  but 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  its 
  left 
  side 
  being 
  pressed 
  across 
  the 
  low 
  

   watershed 
  by 
  Black 
  Beek, 
  just 
  north 
  of 
  Scale 
  Force 
  (fig. 
  7), 
  to 
  join 
  

  

  * 
  It 
  should 
  be 
  borne 
  in 
  mind 
  that 
  a 
  glacier, 
  like 
  a 
  river, 
  has 
  its 
  motion 
  checked 
  

   on 
  approaching 
  a 
  narrow 
  part 
  of 
  its 
  valley 
  bed, 
  and 
  flows 
  more 
  swiftly 
  on 
  its 
  

   escape. 
  Example, 
  the 
  strait 
  between 
  Barf 
  and 
  Dodd. 
  

  

  t 
  Between 
  High 
  Stile 
  and 
  High 
  Crag. 
  J 
  Between 
  High 
  Stile 
  and 
  Eed 
  Pike. 
  

  

  