﻿176 
  D- 
  MACKINTOSH 
  ON 
  GLACIAL 
  TRACES 
  IN 
  

  

  and 
  Stavely 
  (Kentmere), 
  on 
  the 
  east, 
  to 
  nearly 
  as 
  far 
  west 
  as 
  

   Stickle 
  Tarn 
  and 
  the 
  Coniston 
  Old 
  Man 
  * 
  — 
  and 
  from 
  Far 
  Easdale 
  

   on 
  the 
  north 
  to 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  Bowness 
  and 
  Church-beck 
  valley, 
  

   Coniston. 
  In 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  Windermere 
  they 
  average 
  

   about 
  N. 
  27° 
  W., 
  and 
  run 
  generally 
  up 
  hill. 
  About 
  Ambleside 
  their 
  

   average 
  direction 
  is 
  nearly 
  the 
  same. 
  Around 
  Grasmere 
  they 
  

   average 
  about 
  N. 
  40° 
  W. 
  To 
  the 
  north-west 
  and 
  west 
  of 
  Grasmere, 
  

   in 
  the 
  upland 
  valleys 
  and 
  on 
  high 
  ridges, 
  they 
  average 
  about 
  

   IS". 
  30° 
  "W. 
  South 
  of 
  Grasmere 
  and 
  in 
  Great 
  Langdale 
  they 
  average 
  

   about 
  N. 
  35° 
  W. 
  In 
  the 
  Coniston 
  district 
  they 
  average 
  a 
  little 
  

   W. 
  of 
  N. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  "Windermere 
  and 
  Bowness, 
  the 
  ice, 
  be- 
  

   sides 
  moving 
  generally 
  up 
  hill, 
  must 
  have 
  ascended 
  and 
  passed 
  over 
  

   Orrest 
  Head 
  (700 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea), 
  crossed 
  a 
  high 
  ridge 
  called 
  

   School 
  Knott 
  (760 
  feet) 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  f 
  , 
  and 
  the 
  upland 
  valley 
  

   between 
  "Windermere 
  and 
  Stavely 
  at 
  nearly 
  right 
  angles. 
  North- 
  

   west 
  and 
  west 
  of 
  Ambleside 
  it 
  must 
  have 
  obliquely 
  crossed 
  Rydal 
  

   water, 
  and 
  a 
  high, 
  if 
  not 
  the 
  highest 
  part 
  of 
  Loughrigg 
  Fell 
  (1100 
  

   feet). 
  East 
  of 
  Grasmere 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  smoothed 
  the 
  side 
  

   of 
  Rydal 
  Fell 
  up 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  summit 
  ; 
  but, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  yet 
  known, 
  

   the 
  ice 
  must 
  chiefly 
  have 
  ignored 
  the 
  configuration 
  of 
  the 
  ground 
  in 
  

   a 
  district 
  extending 
  for 
  some 
  miles 
  to 
  the 
  north-west, 
  west, 
  and 
  

   south-west 
  of 
  Grasmere. 
  From 
  the 
  north 
  slope 
  of 
  Far 
  Easdale, 
  it 
  

   must 
  have 
  obliquely 
  crossed 
  the 
  dale, 
  smoothed 
  the 
  rocks 
  on 
  its 
  

   south 
  side 
  up 
  hill, 
  then 
  crossed 
  a 
  high 
  ridge, 
  descended 
  into 
  Easdale, 
  

   smoothed 
  the 
  rocks 
  obliquely 
  across 
  the 
  dale, 
  marched 
  from 
  the 
  

   bottom 
  of 
  the 
  dale 
  (900 
  feet) 
  up 
  hill 
  to 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  a 
  ridge 
  more 
  than 
  

   1700 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea. 
  This 
  ridge 
  consists 
  of 
  hard 
  volcanic 
  breccia 
  

   and 
  other 
  felspathic 
  rocks 
  ; 
  the 
  summit 
  is 
  a 
  narrow 
  tableland 
  con- 
  

   sisting 
  of 
  alternate 
  rock-basins 
  and 
  bosses 
  ; 
  the 
  rock-basins 
  are 
  

   partly 
  filled 
  with 
  peat 
  and 
  water 
  ; 
  and 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  bosses 
  are 
  roclies 
  

   moutonnees. 
  Nowhere 
  in 
  the 
  Lake 
  District 
  have 
  I 
  seen 
  such 
  a 
  

   striking 
  series 
  of 
  mammillated 
  rocks 
  : 
  they 
  have 
  been 
  considerably 
  

   roughened 
  by 
  the 
  weather 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  regular 
  curvilinearity 
  of 
  their 
  

   forms 
  has 
  been 
  perfectly 
  preserved. 
  From 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  tableland 
  on 
  the 
  north-west 
  (which 
  reaches 
  a 
  

   height 
  of 
  between 
  2300 
  and 
  2500 
  feet), 
  and 
  the 
  rounded 
  rocky 
  

   eminences 
  on 
  its 
  southern 
  border, 
  it 
  can 
  scarcely 
  be 
  doubted 
  that 
  

   the 
  ice 
  went 
  over 
  it 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  examine 
  the 
  ground 
  further 
  west 
  

   than 
  Stickle 
  Tarn. 
  From 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  ridge 
  just 
  described 
  the 
  ice 
  

   must 
  have 
  gone 
  down 
  into 
  great 
  Langdale, 
  smoothing 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  

   the 
  projecting 
  rocks 
  which 
  faced 
  it 
  or 
  looked 
  up 
  hill, 
  and 
  leaving 
  

   the 
  down 
  sides 
  cliffed 
  or 
  jagged. 
  Numerous 
  examples 
  of 
  this 
  

   smoothing 
  of 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  which 
  offered 
  the 
  greatest 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  parallel 
  undulations 
  and 
  striae 
  of 
  Duddon 
  valley, 
  though 
  probably 
  

   primary, 
  as 
  they 
  coincide 
  in 
  direction 
  with 
  the 
  valley, 
  may 
  at 
  present 
  be 
  left 
  out 
  

   of 
  consideration. 
  

  

  t 
  The 
  ice-flow 
  which 
  crossed 
  School 
  Knott 
  must 
  have 
  come 
  from 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  

   far 
  as 
  Rydal 
  (a 
  distance 
  of 
  about 
  7 
  or 
  8 
  miles), 
  and 
  moved 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  

   the 
  way 
  over 
  longitudinally 
  level 
  ground, 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  up 
  hill. 
  

  

  