﻿322 
  T. 
  V. 
  JAMIESON 
  ON 
  THE 
  LAST 
  STAGE 
  OF 
  

  

  surround 
  them 
  on 
  all 
  sides 
  and 
  ascend 
  to 
  much 
  higher 
  elevations 
  ; 
  

   and 
  he 
  further 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  great 
  boulder 
  deposit 
  of 
  Wicklow 
  is 
  

   perfectly 
  distinct 
  from, 
  and 
  in 
  all 
  cases 
  subsequent 
  to, 
  these 
  marine 
  

   beds 
  (ibid. 
  vol. 
  iii. 
  p. 
  302). 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Darwin 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  to 
  perceive 
  the 
  true 
  meaning 
  of 
  such 
  

   facts. 
  After 
  studying 
  the 
  similar 
  phenomena 
  of 
  Wales, 
  he 
  pointed 
  

   out, 
  in 
  1842, 
  the 
  evidence 
  they 
  afford 
  of 
  the 
  advance 
  of 
  glaciers 
  

   subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  deposition 
  of 
  the 
  marine 
  beds, 
  showing 
  that 
  when 
  

   the 
  land 
  had 
  risen 
  to 
  nearly 
  its 
  present 
  height 
  the 
  ice 
  filled 
  some 
  of 
  

   the 
  valleys 
  near 
  Snowdon, 
  and 
  cleared 
  out 
  the 
  accumulations 
  left 
  in 
  

   them 
  by 
  the 
  sea. 
  In 
  tracing 
  the 
  phenomena 
  downwards, 
  Mr. 
  Darwin 
  

   seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  unable 
  to 
  say 
  where 
  glacier-action 
  ended 
  and 
  

   marine 
  action 
  began. 
  Professor 
  Ramsay, 
  who 
  followed 
  up 
  Darwin's 
  

   observations, 
  and 
  confirmed 
  them 
  by 
  additional 
  details, 
  does 
  not 
  

   bring 
  his 
  chief 
  Snowdon 
  glacier 
  far 
  down 
  the 
  valley, 
  supposing 
  the 
  

   lower 
  ground 
  near 
  the 
  sea 
  to 
  be 
  covered 
  with 
  marine 
  drift 
  which 
  

   the 
  later 
  glaciers 
  have 
  not 
  disturbed 
  ; 
  and 
  he 
  looks 
  upon 
  the 
  high- 
  

   lying 
  flats, 
  at 
  elevations 
  of 
  even 
  2000 
  and 
  2300 
  feet, 
  as 
  terraces 
  of 
  

   marine 
  formation, 
  marking 
  pauses 
  in 
  the 
  reelevation 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  

   (Old 
  Glaciers 
  of 
  Wales, 
  pp. 
  95-102, 
  and 
  map). 
  

  

  Judging 
  from 
  what 
  I 
  know 
  of 
  Scotland, 
  I 
  am 
  inclined 
  to 
  think 
  

   the 
  later 
  Welsh 
  glaciers 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  far 
  more 
  extensive 
  than 
  

   these 
  views 
  would 
  indicate, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  Snowdon 
  one 
  at 
  least 
  must 
  

   have 
  come 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  Menai 
  Straits. 
  Mr. 
  Symonds 
  has 
  pointed 
  out 
  

   many 
  facts 
  which 
  imply 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  land-ice 
  and 
  snow, 
  after 
  the 
  

   land 
  emerged, 
  not 
  only 
  in 
  various 
  parts 
  of 
  Wales, 
  but 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  

   Malvern 
  Hills. 
  

  

  As 
  illustrating 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  climate 
  I 
  suppose 
  to 
  have 
  pre- 
  

   vailed 
  during 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  later 
  glaciers, 
  let 
  me 
  give 
  the 
  follow- 
  

   ing 
  example. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  northern 
  extremity 
  of 
  Aberdeenshire 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  hill 
  called 
  

   Mormond, 
  about 
  800 
  feet 
  high, 
  which 
  lies 
  a 
  few 
  miles 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  

   town 
  of 
  Fraserburgh. 
  It 
  rises 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  low 
  surrounding 
  region 
  

   like 
  a 
  great 
  mole-heap. 
  Many 
  years 
  ago 
  I 
  had 
  found 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  

   evidence 
  in 
  the 
  neighbouring 
  district 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  up 
  

   to 
  heights 
  of 
  nearly 
  500 
  feet, 
  and, 
  among 
  other 
  facts, 
  had 
  noted 
  beds 
  

   of 
  well-rolled 
  shingle 
  forming 
  the 
  crest 
  of 
  certain 
  low 
  hills, 
  at 
  eleva- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  from 
  200 
  to 
  480 
  feet, 
  which 
  seemed 
  to 
  me 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   shoals 
  in 
  the 
  sea 
  of 
  that 
  period. 
  In 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  I 
  got 
  remains 
  of 
  

   arctic 
  shells. 
  I 
  argued, 
  therefore, 
  that 
  if 
  the 
  sea 
  had 
  covered 
  the 
  

   land 
  to 
  the 
  height 
  of 
  480 
  or 
  500 
  feet, 
  as 
  it 
  evidently 
  did, 
  it 
  should 
  

   have 
  encireled 
  this 
  hill 
  of 
  Mormond, 
  and 
  formed 
  a 
  belt 
  of 
  shingle 
  

   round 
  it 
  at 
  a 
  corresponding 
  height 
  ; 
  or 
  if 
  the 
  submergence 
  was 
  suf- 
  

   ficient 
  to 
  completely 
  cover 
  the 
  hill, 
  it 
  ought 
  to 
  show 
  a 
  mass 
  of 
  gravel 
  

   on 
  the 
  top. 
  I 
  accordingly 
  spent 
  two 
  long 
  summer 
  days 
  in 
  the 
  month 
  

   of 
  June 
  examining 
  the 
  hill, 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  wide-spreading, 
  heath-covered 
  

   mass, 
  some 
  eight 
  or 
  nine 
  miles 
  in 
  circumference, 
  bare 
  and 
  brown, 
  

   without 
  a 
  bush 
  or 
  tree 
  upon 
  it. 
  I 
  was 
  disappointed 
  and 
  puzzled 
  to 
  

   find 
  no 
  rolled 
  shingle 
  anywhere 
  over 
  the 
  whole 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  hill, 
  

   neither 
  on 
  the 
  top 
  nor 
  on 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  it. 
  But 
  along 
  the 
  base 
  and 
  

  

  