﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  451 
  

  

  kind 
  of 
  aqueous 
  denudation 
  everywhere. 
  " 
  Ice-marks 
  " 
  of 
  all 
  kinds 
  

   differ 
  from 
  "water-marks;" 
  and 
  both 
  differ 
  from 
  marks 
  of 
  volcanic 
  

   action 
  and 
  of 
  subterranean 
  disturbance. 
  Probably 
  few 
  have 
  read 
  

   the 
  book 
  ; 
  so 
  I 
  give 
  this 
  explanation 
  of 
  my 
  own 
  drift 
  in 
  writing 
  on 
  

   the 
  subject. 
  

  

  In 
  May 
  and 
  November 
  1873, 
  at 
  pp. 
  198 
  and 
  545 
  of 
  the 
  Journal 
  

   of 
  this 
  Society, 
  you 
  did 
  me 
  the 
  honour 
  to 
  print 
  notes 
  on 
  the 
  

   Glaciation 
  of 
  Ireland, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Hebrides. 
  These 
  and 
  this 
  paper 
  

   are 
  sequels 
  to 
  ' 
  Frost 
  and 
  Fire.' 
  In 
  July 
  1873, 
  I 
  left 
  England 
  to 
  

   look 
  at 
  a 
  new 
  country 
  ; 
  and 
  after 
  travelling 
  150 
  days, 
  I 
  returned 
  

   in 
  December. 
  At 
  your 
  Meeting 
  on 
  the 
  7th 
  of 
  January 
  1874, 
  I 
  

   heard 
  able 
  papers 
  read 
  upon 
  the 
  glaciation 
  of 
  the 
  lake-districts, 
  and 
  

   upon 
  the 
  confluence 
  of 
  glaciers 
  in 
  parts 
  of 
  England 
  and 
  Wales, 
  and 
  

   a 
  discussion 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  an 
  older 
  glacial 
  period 
  was 
  

   alluded 
  to. 
  I 
  then 
  offered 
  to 
  give 
  you 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  my 
  last 
  obser- 
  

   vations 
  in 
  Europe 
  and 
  Asia 
  in 
  a 
  written 
  form. 
  I 
  now 
  give 
  you 
  

   results 
  of 
  work 
  done 
  between 
  1840 
  and 
  1874, 
  referring 
  to 
  my 
  

   former 
  writings 
  for 
  details 
  and 
  explanations. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Geography. 
  The 
  observations, 
  of 
  which 
  some 
  account 
  is 
  

   given 
  in 
  the 
  writings 
  quoted, 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  Europe 
  and 
  in 
  America. 
  

   In 
  Europe 
  they 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  Scandinavia, 
  Finland, 
  and 
  Russia, 
  in 
  

   Germany 
  and 
  Switzerland, 
  in 
  Greece, 
  Italy, 
  Sicily, 
  and 
  Spain, 
  in 
  

   the 
  British 
  Isles, 
  Faro, 
  and 
  Iceland. 
  In 
  America 
  they 
  were 
  made 
  

   from 
  Hamilton 
  Inlet 
  in 
  Labrador, 
  to 
  St. 
  Louis 
  and 
  Washington. 
  

   In 
  1873 
  I 
  coasted 
  Norway, 
  rounded 
  the 
  North 
  Cape, 
  and 
  coasted 
  

   the 
  Polar 
  basin 
  and 
  the 
  White 
  Sea 
  to 
  Archangel. 
  I 
  crossed 
  Russia 
  

   to 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  crossed 
  that 
  sea 
  to 
  Petrovsk, 
  and 
  travelled 
  through 
  

   the 
  Caucasus 
  to 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  I 
  visited 
  the 
  Crimea, 
  Odessa, 
  Con- 
  

   stantinople, 
  and 
  Syra, 
  and 
  rounded 
  the 
  south 
  cape 
  of 
  Europe. 
  I 
  

   went 
  to 
  Corfu, 
  Brindisi, 
  Naples, 
  Rome, 
  Florence, 
  Pisa, 
  Spezzia, 
  Sestri, 
  

   Genoa, 
  Nice, 
  Cannes, 
  and 
  Paris, 
  copying 
  and 
  studying 
  form 
  and 
  

   superficial 
  geology 
  everywhere. 
  

  

  During 
  more 
  than 
  thirty 
  three 
  years 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  carefully 
  obser- 
  

   ving 
  and 
  describing 
  glacial 
  and 
  other 
  phenomena, 
  within 
  an 
  area 
  

   which 
  includes 
  36 
  degrees 
  of 
  latitude 
  and 
  140 
  degrees 
  of 
  longitude. 
  

   I 
  reckon 
  from 
  the 
  North 
  Cape, 
  71° 
  11' 
  3", 
  to 
  the 
  Straits 
  of 
  Gibraltar, 
  

   from 
  Camara 
  on 
  the 
  Volga, 
  50° 
  E., 
  to 
  St. 
  Louis 
  on 
  the 
  Mississippi, 
  

   90° 
  W. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  bit 
  of 
  the 
  world's 
  outside 
  after 
  all 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  

   have 
  little 
  to 
  add 
  to 
  knowledge 
  previously 
  gathered 
  by 
  my 
  teachers. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Conclusion. 
  From 
  personal 
  observation 
  and 
  reading 
  I 
  had 
  

   arrived 
  at 
  certain 
  conclusions, 
  which 
  are 
  stated 
  in 
  my 
  paper 
  on 
  the 
  

   Glaciation 
  of 
  Ireland 
  (Q. 
  J. 
  G. 
  S. 
  1873, 
  p. 
  218, 
  § 
  xviii.). 
  I 
  believed 
  that 
  

   the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  Geological 
  Society 
  had 
  arrived 
  at 
  similar 
  conclu- 
  

   sions 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  gone 
  further 
  than 
  other 
  Members. 
  I 
  was 
  

   convinced 
  by 
  my 
  facts 
  and 
  evidence 
  that 
  during 
  the 
  growth 
  and 
  de- 
  

   cay, 
  the 
  waxing 
  and 
  waning, 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  glacial 
  periods, 
  

   small 
  and 
  large 
  glaciers 
  existed 
  in 
  the 
  British 
  Isles, 
  that 
  many 
  there 
  

   joined 
  to 
  make 
  small 
  and 
  large 
  "local 
  systems," 
  that 
  many 
  local 
  

   systems 
  joined 
  in 
  low 
  grounds 
  whilst 
  the 
  glacial 
  period 
  was 
  wax- 
  

   ing 
  till 
  the 
  United 
  Kingdom 
  and 
  the 
  shallows 
  about 
  these 
  islands 
  

  

  