﻿452 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  OX 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  were 
  united 
  in 
  bonds 
  of 
  thick 
  ice 
  from 
  the 
  Land's 
  End 
  to 
  John 
  

   o'Groat's. 
  I 
  had 
  come 
  to 
  believe 
  that 
  the 
  Scandinavian 
  ice-system, 
  

   which 
  now 
  has 
  shrunk 
  and 
  broken 
  up, 
  once 
  grew 
  and 
  united 
  till 
  it 
  

   equalled 
  and 
  exceeded 
  the 
  dimensions 
  of 
  Greenland 
  ice, 
  and 
  then 
  

   crossed 
  the 
  German 
  Ocean 
  and 
  joined 
  the 
  mainland 
  to 
  the 
  islands, 
  

   as 
  the 
  Humboldt 
  Glacier 
  now 
  joins 
  small 
  islands 
  to 
  Greenland, 
  wading 
  

   far 
  out 
  in 
  shallow 
  seas. 
  In 
  America, 
  from 
  lat. 
  45° 
  to 
  39°, 
  I 
  had 
  

   seen 
  icebergs 
  afloat 
  and 
  marks 
  on 
  shore, 
  which 
  a 
  great 
  man, 
  now 
  

   lost 
  to 
  science, 
  Professor 
  Agassiz, 
  attributed 
  to 
  a 
  general 
  solid 
  polar 
  

   glacier. 
  When 
  I 
  started 
  questions 
  for 
  solution 
  at 
  p. 
  548 
  of 
  the 
  

   Journal, 
  I 
  was 
  inclined 
  to 
  follow 
  that 
  able 
  leader. 
  Then 
  I 
  set 
  off 
  

   in 
  search 
  of 
  facts, 
  imitating 
  those 
  who 
  have 
  taught 
  that 
  travel 
  is 
  

   needful 
  for 
  geological 
  study. 
  

  

  (3) 
  Hypothesis. 
  If 
  a 
  polar 
  glacier 
  reached 
  Washington 
  at 
  least, 
  

   and 
  was 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  " 
  cap 
  " 
  which 
  also 
  overran 
  Scotland 
  and 
  Ireland, 
  

   then, 
  as 
  I 
  surmised, 
  that 
  polar 
  system 
  must 
  have 
  flowed, 
  or 
  waded, 
  

   or 
  floated 
  over 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  Europe, 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  latitudes 
  of 
  

   Washington 
  and 
  St. 
  Louis, 
  — 
  in 
  Europe 
  say 
  to 
  40°, 
  39°, 
  or 
  38° 
  N. 
  lat. 
  

   That 
  being 
  my 
  hypothesis, 
  these 
  are 
  my 
  facts, 
  old 
  and 
  new, 
  which 
  

   seem 
  to 
  bear 
  upon 
  polar 
  glaciation 
  and 
  confluent 
  glaciers, 
  and 
  the 
  

   marks 
  which 
  are 
  now 
  attributed 
  to 
  a 
  glacial 
  period 
  or 
  to 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  

   glacial 
  periods. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Norway 
  Sfc. 
  In 
  coasting 
  Norway 
  once 
  again 
  I 
  saw 
  much 
  to 
  

   confirm 
  my 
  opinion. 
  I 
  saw 
  the 
  coast 
  clearly, 
  and 
  sketched 
  day 
  and 
  

   night 
  while 
  I 
  could 
  keep 
  awake, 
  from 
  July 
  26 
  to 
  August 
  7, 
  when 
  I 
  

   landed 
  at 
  Vardo. 
  Sea-marks, 
  water-courses, 
  and 
  signs 
  of 
  volcanic 
  

   action 
  abound. 
  Lateral 
  pressure 
  has 
  bent 
  and 
  broken 
  the 
  earth's 
  

   crust. 
  A 
  whole 
  country 
  has 
  been 
  first 
  crumpled, 
  and 
  afterwards 
  

   raised 
  bodily 
  from 
  the 
  sea, 
  and 
  bent 
  like 
  a 
  bow. 
  But 
  I 
  hold 
  tbat 
  

   hills 
  and 
  hollows 
  in 
  that 
  country 
  have 
  been 
  shaped 
  chiefly 
  by 
  the 
  

   " 
  glacial 
  erosion 
  " 
  to 
  which 
  Professor 
  Earn 
  say 
  long 
  ago, 
  and 
  Mr. 
  

   Clifton 
  Ward 
  in 
  his 
  late 
  paper, 
  attributes 
  the 
  rock-basins 
  which 
  

   hold 
  lakes, 
  and 
  are 
  filled 
  with 
  drift 
  in 
  certain 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  lake- 
  

   district, 
  which 
  he 
  has 
  so 
  well 
  surveyed 
  and 
  mapped 
  (see 
  figs. 
  1 
  & 
  2). 
  

   So 
  far 
  as 
  it 
  goes, 
  Mr. 
  Ward's 
  paper 
  amounts 
  to 
  a 
  demonstration 
  of 
  

   the 
  truth 
  of 
  one 
  proposition, 
  which 
  I 
  noted. 
  " 
  The 
  hollows 
  which 
  

   contain 
  these 
  lakes 
  were 
  formed 
  by 
  glacial 
  erosion." 
  I 
  hold 
  the 
  

   converse 
  of 
  tbe 
  second 
  proposition, 
  which 
  I 
  also 
  noted. 
  "The 
  

   valleys, 
  of 
  which 
  these 
  lake-basins 
  are 
  part, 
  are 
  not 
  due 
  to 
  glacial 
  

   erosion." 
  I 
  have 
  gone 
  further 
  than 
  this 
  author, 
  and 
  hope 
  that 
  

   he 
  will 
  follow. 
  I 
  seek 
  to 
  prove 
  that 
  a 
  great 
  many 
  hollows 
  of 
  

   curved 
  section, 
  however 
  they 
  originated, 
  owe 
  their 
  present 
  form 
  

   to 
  the 
  glacial 
  erosion, 
  which 
  also 
  produced 
  hollows 
  in 
  them, 
  in 
  

   which 
  water 
  lodges 
  ; 
  and 
  that 
  many 
  hills 
  and 
  ridges 
  of 
  curved 
  

   section 
  between 
  these 
  furrows 
  owe 
  their 
  forms 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  grind- 
  

   ing-engines 
  which 
  shaped 
  " 
  Tors 
  " 
  and 
  " 
  Roches 
  Moutonnees 
  " 
  of 
  

   smaller 
  size*. 
  

  

  * 
  It 
  still 
  is 
  very 
  often 
  denied, 
  even 
  by 
  geologists, 
  that 
  glaciers 
  wear 
  rocks 
  under 
  

   them. 
  A 
  glacier 
  near 
  Cape 
  Desolation, 
  in 
  Greenland, 
  about 
  the 
  latitude 
  of 
  

   Christiania 
  in 
  Norway, 
  is 
  about 
  800 
  feet 
  deep 
  where 
  it 
  enters 
  the 
  sea, 
  in 
  a 
  firth 
  

  

  