﻿454 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  (5) 
  The 
  Polar 
  Basin. 
  According 
  to 
  Mr. 
  Skanke, 
  English 
  and 
  

   Russian 
  consular 
  agent 
  at 
  Vardo, 
  which 
  port 
  is 
  frequented 
  by 
  Sea- 
  

   horsemen 
  and 
  Whalers, 
  " 
  Parry 
  Island"* 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  northern 
  in 
  

   Spitzbergen, 
  and 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  gneiss. 
  He 
  gave 
  me 
  a 
  specimen. 
  The 
  

   most 
  northern 
  island 
  reached 
  in 
  Novaya 
  Zemlia 
  is 
  in 
  long. 
  66° 
  E., 
  

   and 
  about 
  77° 
  N. 
  lat. 
  Consul 
  Skanke 
  gave 
  me 
  a 
  specimen, 
  brought 
  

   thence 
  by 
  Captain 
  Mack, 
  which 
  contains 
  a 
  large 
  coral. 
  Bear 
  Island, 
  

   near 
  lat. 
  75° 
  and 
  north 
  of 
  Norway, 
  is 
  rich 
  in 
  fossils 
  which 
  are 
  taken 
  

   to 
  indicate 
  a 
  warm 
  climate. 
  Judging 
  by 
  form 
  and 
  information 
  I 
  

   concluded 
  that 
  some 
  hills 
  and 
  islands, 
  about 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  Kolafjord, 
  

   and 
  at 
  the 
  entrance 
  to 
  the 
  White 
  Sea, 
  are 
  patches 
  and 
  outliers 
  of 
  

   stratified, 
  unaltered, 
  undisturbed 
  beds, 
  resting 
  unconformably 
  upon 
  

   far 
  older, 
  greatly 
  inclined, 
  disturbed, 
  crystalline, 
  altered 
  beds, 
  which 
  

   have 
  been 
  " 
  denuded 
  " 
  and 
  ground 
  into 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  Russian 
  Lap- 
  

   land. 
  I 
  find, 
  on 
  referring 
  to 
  the 
  geological 
  map 
  of 
  Europe, 
  that 
  my 
  

   inference 
  was 
  correct, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  these 
  rocks 
  is 
  concerned. 
  

  

  At 
  Yeredick 
  the 
  rock 
  is 
  gneiss, 
  the 
  dip 
  nearly 
  vertical, 
  the 
  strike 
  

   N.W. 
  S.E., 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  glaciation 
  N. 
  and 
  S., 
  magnetic. 
  In 
  

   neighbouring 
  hills 
  I 
  saw 
  faults 
  which 
  I 
  take 
  to 
  be 
  postglacial. 
  A 
  

   smart 
  earthquake 
  was 
  felt 
  near 
  Kola 
  in 
  February 
  1873. 
  At 
  other 
  

   places 
  on 
  the 
  coast 
  the 
  rocks 
  are 
  gneiss, 
  with 
  veins 
  of 
  pink 
  granite, 
  

   like 
  rocks 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  Hebrides 
  and 
  in 
  Labrador. 
  

   Generally 
  the 
  coast 
  of 
  Russian 
  Lapland 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  old, 
  hard, 
  con- 
  

   torted, 
  fractured 
  rocks 
  ground 
  into 
  curves. 
  On 
  the 
  east 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   White-Sea 
  straits 
  the 
  beds 
  are 
  nearly 
  flat, 
  and 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  little 
  

   altered. 
  Limestone 
  is 
  there 
  burned, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  taken 
  to 
  Archangel 
  f. 
  

  

  (6) 
  Rise 
  of 
  Land. 
  I 
  spent 
  five 
  days 
  on 
  Vardo 
  Island, 
  which 
  is 
  

   in 
  the 
  Polar 
  basin. 
  I 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  sea-beach 
  subangular 
  and 
  

   rounded 
  stones. 
  I 
  found 
  bits 
  of 
  metamorphic 
  slate, 
  broken 
  from 
  

   overhanging 
  beds 
  of 
  rock, 
  in 
  the 
  bay. 
  These 
  dip 
  at 
  an 
  angle 
  of 
  45° 
  

   and 
  strike 
  N. 
  S. 
  Bays 
  and 
  hollows 
  and 
  ridges 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  strike 
  ; 
  but 
  

   deep 
  " 
  Gjas 
  " 
  cross 
  at 
  right 
  angles. 
  The 
  general 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  island 
  

   is 
  that 
  of 
  glaciation. 
  Up 
  to 
  about 
  30 
  feet 
  is 
  the 
  " 
  Storm 
  beach" 
  with 
  

   larger 
  and 
  more 
  angular 
  stones 
  on 
  it, 
  cast 
  up 
  in 
  a 
  ridge 
  which 
  sweeps 
  

   in 
  a 
  crescent 
  round 
  the 
  bay. 
  Up 
  to 
  about 
  60 
  feet 
  the 
  raised 
  beach 
  is 
  a 
  

   repetition 
  of 
  the 
  actual 
  beach, 
  but 
  grass-grown. 
  On 
  it 
  are 
  large 
  

   round 
  blocks 
  of 
  granite. 
  No 
  granite 
  is 
  near 
  in 
  situ. 
  The 
  highest 
  

  

  about 
  three 
  miles 
  wide. 
  Photographs 
  were 
  taken 
  there 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Bradford, 
  which 
  

   which 
  were 
  shown 
  at 
  the 
  Meeting. 
  No 
  moraines 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  ; 
  but 
  under 
  

   the 
  ice 
  at 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  this 
  glacier 
  are 
  large 
  boulders, 
  and 
  fine 
  debris 
  in 
  contact 
  

   with 
  rounded 
  rocks. 
  All 
  glaciers 
  move 
  at 
  slow 
  rates, 
  varying 
  with 
  circum- 
  

   stances. 
  A 
  cubic 
  foot 
  of 
  this 
  ice 
  must 
  weigh 
  about 
  55 
  lb. 
  Therefore 
  the 
  

   pressure 
  on 
  the 
  bed 
  of 
  this 
  glacier 
  is 
  nearly 
  twenty 
  tons 
  per 
  square 
  foot. 
  If 
  a 
  

   train 
  wears 
  wheels 
  and 
  rails, 
  and 
  a 
  carriage 
  its 
  drag 
  and 
  the 
  road 
  — 
  if 
  stones 
  and 
  

   sand 
  rolled 
  by 
  rivers 
  and 
  the 
  sea 
  wear 
  rocks, 
  it 
  seems 
  evident 
  that 
  stones 
  and 
  

   sand 
  must 
  be 
  crushed 
  and 
  ground, 
  and 
  must 
  crush, 
  break, 
  and 
  wear 
  rocks 
  under 
  

   the 
  great 
  pressure 
  of 
  moving 
  glaciers. 
  Practically, 
  all 
  glacier 
  -rivers 
  are 
  thick 
  

   with 
  debris 
  worn 
  from 
  rocks. 
  As 
  glaciers 
  wear 
  rocks, 
  then 
  icebergs 
  driven 
  by 
  

   currents 
  must 
  also 
  do 
  the 
  same, 
  under 
  water, 
  when 
  they 
  touch 
  the 
  bottom. 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  Parry 
  Islands 
  of 
  maps 
  are 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  America. 
  

  

  t 
  Since 
  my 
  return 
  I 
  have 
  read 
  Murchison's 
  ' 
  Russia,' 
  vol. 
  i. 
  1845. 
  The 
  rocks 
  

   referred 
  to 
  are 
  marked 
  Devonian. 
  

  

  