﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATIOtf 
  ETC. 
  455 
  

  

  beach 
  in 
  this 
  hollow 
  is 
  about 
  100 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  present 
  sea-level, 
  

   and 
  partially 
  covered 
  with 
  peat. 
  Rolled 
  stones 
  and 
  stones 
  packed 
  

   by 
  water 
  are 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  highest 
  point 
  in 
  this 
  island 
  at 
  200 
  feet. 
  

   The 
  summit 
  is 
  220 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea, 
  and 
  consists 
  of 
  red 
  altered 
  

   sandstone, 
  very 
  hard 
  and 
  ringing 
  to 
  a 
  blow. 
  The 
  east 
  coast 
  is 
  full 
  

   of 
  great 
  rifts, 
  in 
  which 
  waves 
  dash 
  and 
  growl. 
  

  

  Peat 
  beds 
  on 
  the 
  raised 
  beaches 
  are 
  brown 
  and 
  dusty, 
  with 
  a 
  

   considerable 
  vegetation 
  growing 
  on 
  them. 
  Rock 
  surfaces 
  are 
  un- 
  

   mistakably 
  wave-worn 
  ; 
  amongst 
  the 
  stones 
  on 
  the 
  old 
  beach 
  I 
  

   found 
  granite, 
  gneiss, 
  and 
  red 
  sandstone, 
  with 
  fossils 
  in 
  the 
  shape 
  

   of 
  concentric 
  rings, 
  like 
  the 
  rock 
  of 
  Vardo. 
  I 
  also 
  found 
  rolled 
  

   brown 
  pumice 
  stones 
  exactly 
  like 
  those 
  which 
  I 
  found 
  in 
  Tiree. 
  

   These 
  were 
  abundant: 
  but 
  the 
  nearest 
  volcano 
  is 
  a 
  long 
  way 
  off; 
  so 
  

   they 
  have 
  floated 
  far, 
  and 
  mark 
  the 
  equatorial 
  drift 
  from 
  the 
  

   Hebrides 
  to 
  Vardo 
  on 
  the 
  way 
  to 
  Novaya 
  Zemlia. 
  

  

  (7) 
  Result. 
  Vardo 
  Island, 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  a 
  long 
  promontory 
  and 
  in 
  

   the 
  Polar 
  basin, 
  was 
  first 
  ground 
  into 
  shape 
  by 
  ice, 
  as 
  I 
  suppose. 
  

   It 
  has 
  been 
  submerged 
  and 
  wave 
  -worn 
  since 
  ; 
  and 
  as 
  it 
  rose, 
  drift 
  

   upon 
  it 
  was 
  rolled 
  and 
  packed 
  by 
  the 
  sea, 
  which 
  carried 
  light 
  drift, 
  

   and 
  may 
  have 
  carried 
  granite 
  on 
  rafts 
  from 
  anywhere. 
  It 
  may 
  

   have 
  brought 
  gneiss 
  from 
  Parry 
  Island 
  or 
  from 
  Russian 
  Lapland, 
  

   pumice 
  from 
  Spitzbergen 
  or 
  Iceland. 
  Then 
  peat 
  grew 
  ; 
  and 
  now 
  

   people 
  live 
  there, 
  and 
  fish 
  and 
  roam 
  about 
  in 
  the 
  Polar 
  basin 
  hunting 
  

   and 
  sealing 
  and 
  making 
  money. 
  Meantime 
  the 
  waves 
  are 
  breaking 
  

   the 
  exposed 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  island 
  into 
  rifts 
  and 
  cliffs. 
  So 
  I 
  read 
  the 
  

   forms 
  on 
  the 
  island, 
  without 
  trying 
  to 
  make 
  out 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  the 
  rocks. 
  

  

  Since 
  my 
  return 
  Consul 
  Shanke, 
  of 
  Vardo, 
  has 
  sent 
  me 
  the 
  mete- 
  

   orological 
  journal 
  of 
  a 
  crew 
  of 
  "Walrus-hunters, 
  who 
  were 
  frozen-in 
  

   north 
  of 
  Novaya 
  Zemlia. 
  They 
  went 
  in 
  June 
  1872 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  journal 
  

   ends 
  May 
  12th, 
  1873. 
  The 
  men 
  who 
  kept 
  the 
  journal, 
  father 
  and 
  

   son, 
  died. 
  The 
  survivors 
  got 
  home 
  to 
  Tromso 
  in 
  December 
  1873. 
  

   No 
  one 
  else 
  has 
  wintered 
  there, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  am 
  informed. 
  

  

  (8) 
  Ocean-currents 
  and 
  their 
  effect. 
  Captain 
  Mack 
  named 
  the 
  

   most 
  northern 
  island 
  in 
  Novaya 
  Zemlia 
  " 
  Castanje 
  o 
  " 
  or 
  " 
  Mimosa," 
  

   because 
  he 
  there 
  picked 
  up 
  " 
  chestnuts 
  " 
  or 
  " 
  Mimosa 
  " 
  beans. 
  

   These 
  brown 
  nuts 
  prove 
  ocean 
  circulation, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  shown 
  in 
  

   ' 
  Frost 
  and 
  Fire,' 
  vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  483. 
  They 
  are 
  tropical 
  growths 
  carried 
  

   to 
  frozen 
  lands. 
  The 
  island 
  must 
  be 
  about 
  lat. 
  77° 
  N., 
  long. 
  66° 
  E. 
  

  

  To 
  that 
  point 
  the 
  equatorial 
  current 
  now 
  reaches 
  ; 
  and 
  there 
  the 
  

   warm 
  water 
  must 
  pluDge 
  under 
  water, 
  which 
  after 
  a 
  certain 
  tem- 
  

   perature 
  gets 
  lighter 
  as 
  it 
  gets 
  colder, 
  till 
  it 
  floats 
  ready 
  to 
  freeze. 
  

   Solid 
  ice 
  was 
  lighter 
  than 
  sea-water 
  off 
  Labrador 
  as 
  9 
  is 
  to 
  10 
  by 
  

   bulk. 
  In 
  Spitzbergen 
  the 
  " 
  chestnuts 
  " 
  get 
  to 
  20° 
  E., 
  77° 
  N. 
  ; 
  and 
  

   the 
  warm 
  water 
  of 
  the 
  equatorial 
  current 
  then 
  goes 
  under 
  the 
  ice 
  

   to 
  warm 
  the 
  sea-creatures 
  who 
  live 
  at 
  the 
  bottom. 
  The 
  fortress 
  of 
  

   Vardo 
  and 
  the 
  church 
  at 
  Vadso 
  are 
  built 
  in 
  coral 
  sand 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  there- 
  

   fore 
  possible 
  that 
  fossil 
  corals 
  may 
  have 
  lived 
  under 
  similar 
  condi- 
  

   tions. 
  Numbers 
  of 
  whales 
  come 
  into 
  the 
  fjord 
  ; 
  thirty-two 
  were 
  

   slain 
  by 
  one 
  small 
  steamer 
  in 
  1873 
  before 
  August 
  6th. 
  Fish 
  of 
  

   many 
  kinds 
  abound. 
  There 
  is 
  plenty 
  of 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  Arctic 
  basin 
  now 
  

  

  