﻿456 
  J. 
  E. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  to 
  make 
  fossil-beds 
  with 
  corals 
  in 
  them. 
  At 
  Yeredik, 
  about 
  70° 
  N., 
  

   I 
  found 
  a 
  luxuriant 
  vegetation 
  on 
  shore 
  — 
  the 
  wild 
  corn 
  of 
  Iceland, 
  

   " 
  Baldur's 
  flower," 
  the 
  cotton-grass, 
  the 
  " 
  Indian 
  tea 
  " 
  of 
  Labrador, 
  

   and 
  many 
  bright 
  wild 
  flowers. 
  Geraniums 
  and 
  cacti 
  live 
  in 
  pots 
  in 
  

   the 
  houses 
  ; 
  and 
  canaries 
  live 
  through 
  the 
  winter 
  in 
  warm 
  rooms. 
  

   The 
  winter's 
  darkness 
  does 
  not 
  kill 
  ; 
  therefore 
  the 
  poles 
  need 
  not 
  be 
  

   changed 
  theoretically 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  Arctic 
  fossils. 
  The 
  

   hills 
  are 
  clothed 
  with 
  firs 
  and 
  birches 
  where 
  there 
  is 
  soil 
  enough 
  

   for 
  them 
  to 
  stand 
  in. 
  Peat 
  is 
  common 
  ; 
  so 
  materials 
  for 
  coal 
  grow 
  

   now. 
  About 
  lat. 
  69° 
  N., 
  harbours 
  near 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  Kola 
  fjord 
  

   never 
  freeze. 
  They 
  are 
  sheltered 
  from 
  the 
  eastern 
  drift 
  and 
  remain 
  

   open 
  all 
  winter. 
  A 
  few 
  miles 
  further 
  east, 
  at 
  the 
  Seven 
  Isles, 
  the 
  

   harbours 
  are 
  blocked 
  every 
  winter. 
  On 
  the 
  10th 
  June, 
  1873, 
  they 
  

   were 
  still 
  blocked 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  15th 
  of 
  August 
  snow 
  patches 
  lay 
  on 
  the 
  

   beach, 
  but 
  no 
  ice 
  was 
  anywhere 
  near 
  on 
  sea 
  or 
  land 
  : 
  it 
  had 
  all 
  

   drifted 
  away. 
  

  

  (9) 
  Result. 
  The 
  warm 
  equatorial 
  current 
  now 
  affects 
  climate 
  in 
  

   the 
  Polar 
  basin 
  to 
  lat. 
  80° 
  in 
  Spitzbergen 
  and 
  to 
  long. 
  66° 
  E. 
  in 
  

   Novaya 
  Zemlia. 
  The 
  cold 
  Arctic 
  current 
  affects 
  the 
  coasts 
  of 
  

   Greenland, 
  Labrador 
  and 
  North 
  America, 
  and 
  carries 
  floating 
  ice 
  

   down 
  to 
  lat. 
  37° 
  N., 
  long. 
  47° 
  W.* 
  That 
  which 
  the 
  sea 
  actually 
  

   does 
  for 
  climate 
  now, 
  the 
  sea 
  may 
  have 
  done 
  when 
  the 
  fossils 
  of 
  the 
  

   Arctic 
  basin 
  lived, 
  and 
  when 
  land 
  now 
  dry 
  was 
  submerged. 
  Arctic 
  

   currents 
  are 
  part 
  of 
  polar 
  glaciation, 
  which 
  is 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  this 
  

   paper. 
  

  

  (10) 
  On 
  the 
  former 
  trip 
  (described, 
  'Frost 
  and 
  Fire,' 
  vol. 
  ii. 
  

   p. 
  503) 
  I 
  crossed 
  from 
  the 
  Polar 
  Basin 
  about 
  70° 
  N. 
  to 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  

   Bothnia, 
  and 
  searched 
  between 
  25° 
  and 
  30° 
  E. 
  long., 
  through 
  

   Finland 
  to 
  St. 
  Petersburg 
  and 
  Berlin. 
  I 
  found 
  all 
  known 
  marks 
  

   of 
  extensive 
  glaciation 
  continuous 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  55° 
  or 
  there- 
  

   abouts. 
  In 
  ' 
  Frost 
  and 
  Fire 
  ' 
  (vol. 
  ii. 
  pp. 
  3-17) 
  I 
  have 
  described 
  

   the 
  marks 
  on 
  which 
  I 
  rely. 
  I 
  found 
  No. 
  7 
  " 
  Hollows 
  " 
  -w 
  holding 
  

   lakes 
  and 
  bogs, 
  No. 
  9 
  " 
  Tors 
  " 
  /-\ 
  between 
  the 
  hollows. 
  I 
  found 
  

   " 
  Drift 
  " 
  upon 
  rounded 
  hills 
  and 
  in 
  rounded 
  hollows, 
  on 
  ridges 
  and 
  

   in 
  grooves, 
  polished 
  striated 
  rocks 
  under 
  drift, 
  and 
  scratched 
  

   polished 
  stones 
  upon 
  the 
  polished 
  rocks. 
  I 
  found 
  " 
  thirteen 
  wan- 
  

   dering 
  blocks 
  " 
  (great 
  masses 
  of 
  a 
  peculiar 
  Finnish 
  rock 
  which 
  is 
  

   much 
  used 
  in 
  St. 
  Petersburg, 
  carried 
  southwards 
  and 
  left 
  on 
  sandy 
  

   plains) 
  along 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  Baltic 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  

   Berlin. 
  I 
  found 
  most 
  of 
  these 
  marks 
  in 
  Devonshire 
  down 
  to 
  lat. 
  

   50° 
  30' 
  N. 
  f, 
  and 
  in 
  Ireland 
  as 
  far 
  west 
  as 
  long. 
  10° 
  W. 
  The 
  Alps 
  

   and 
  Pyrenees 
  carry 
  European 
  glaciation 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  45° 
  N., 
  but 
  

   not 
  continuously, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  know. 
  

  

  (11) 
  Russian 
  Lapland. 
  In 
  1873 
  I 
  found 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  

   Polar 
  basin 
  between 
  35° 
  and 
  40° 
  E. 
  long, 
  universally 
  glaciated 
  at 
  

   about 
  70° 
  N. 
  lat. 
  The 
  hills 
  are 
  all 
  rounded, 
  and 
  their 
  sky-line 
  is 
  

   studded 
  with 
  great 
  " 
  perched 
  blocks." 
  Bounded 
  hollows 
  •w 
  are 
  

   glaciated 
  and 
  partially 
  filled 
  with 
  boulders, 
  with 
  boulder-clay 
  and 
  

   drift, 
  with 
  lakes 
  and 
  bogs 
  ; 
  all 
  the 
  marks 
  upon 
  which 
  glacialists 
  

  

  * 
  ' 
  Frost 
  and 
  Fire,' 
  vol. 
  ii. 
  p. 
  247. 
  t 
  Ibid. 
  chap. 
  42, 
  p. 
  220. 
  

  

  