﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  457 
  

  

  ely 
  abound. 
  Rivers 
  have 
  made 
  little 
  or 
  no 
  impression 
  upon 
  the 
  

   rocks, 
  and 
  commonly 
  flow 
  over 
  drift. 
  Thus 
  in 
  Russian 
  Lapland 
  as 
  

   :n 
  Finland 
  and 
  Scandinavia, 
  from 
  Stavanger 
  to 
  Kola, 
  the 
  action 
  

   of 
  very 
  heavy 
  ice 
  is 
  proved 
  by 
  conspicuous 
  marks. 
  The 
  record 
  is 
  

   continuous 
  from 
  Kola 
  to 
  Cape 
  Clear, 
  to 
  near 
  the 
  Land's 
  End 
  and 
  to 
  

   Berlin, 
  and 
  to 
  lat. 
  50° 
  N. 
  in 
  one 
  direction. 
  

  

  (12) 
  Rise 
  of 
  land. 
  A 
  series 
  of 
  raised 
  beaches 
  follows 
  the 
  whole 
  

   northern 
  and 
  western 
  coast 
  thus 
  far, 
  and 
  marks 
  a 
  late 
  unequal 
  rise 
  

   of 
  land 
  in 
  this 
  great 
  tract 
  of 
  country. 
  Shells 
  in 
  situ 
  confirm 
  the 
  

   proof 
  by 
  form, 
  which 
  is 
  everywhere 
  conspicuous. 
  Amongst 
  these 
  

   marks 
  sea-eaves 
  at 
  considerable 
  elevations 
  are 
  numerous. 
  

  

  (13) 
  Result. 
  If 
  ever 
  a 
  solid 
  " 
  ice 
  cap 
  " 
  radiated 
  from 
  the 
  Pole, 
  

   and 
  reached 
  to 
  Washington, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  Ireland 
  and 
  to 
  

   Bei'lin, 
  these 
  glacial 
  marks 
  on 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  Polar 
  basin 
  along 
  an 
  

   arc 
  of 
  15° 
  about 
  the 
  circle 
  of 
  70° 
  N. 
  may 
  be 
  work 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  

   " 
  ice 
  cap 
  " 
  when 
  it 
  was 
  shrinking 
  northwards 
  to 
  leave 
  isolated 
  

   local 
  systems 
  in 
  Greenland, 
  Iceland, 
  and 
  Scandinavia. 
  Something- 
  

   ground 
  these 
  regions 
  of 
  Northern 
  Europe. 
  An 
  Arctic 
  current 
  like 
  

   that 
  which 
  now 
  coasts 
  Greenland 
  and 
  Labrador 
  seems 
  to 
  me 
  in- 
  

   sufficient 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  work 
  done. 
  The 
  new 
  facts 
  tell 
  in 
  

   favour 
  of 
  the 
  Polar 
  glaciation 
  for 
  which 
  Agassiz 
  contended. 
  His 
  

   theory 
  had 
  not 
  come 
  to 
  the 
  front 
  when 
  Sir 
  Roderick 
  Murchison 
  

   travelled 
  in 
  Russia. 
  In 
  his 
  ' 
  Geology 
  of 
  Russia 
  ' 
  (vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  331) 
  Sir 
  

   Roderick 
  mentions 
  the 
  discovery 
  of 
  recent 
  sea-shells 
  on 
  the 
  right 
  

   bank 
  of 
  the 
  Vaga. 
  The 
  town 
  of 
  Tromso 
  in 
  Norway 
  stands 
  on 
  peat, 
  

   which 
  rests 
  on 
  clay, 
  in 
  which 
  are 
  recent 
  sea-shells 
  in 
  the 
  position 
  

   which 
  living 
  shells 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  kinds 
  now 
  hold 
  in 
  the 
  mud. 
  I 
  saw 
  

   them 
  in 
  1873 
  in 
  drains. 
  In 
  both 
  cases 
  the 
  shells 
  are 
  overlain 
  by 
  

   " 
  Drift." 
  

  

  (14) 
  The 
  White 
  Sea. 
  The 
  entrance 
  to 
  the 
  "White 
  Sea 
  is 
  not 
  

   much 
  wider 
  than 
  the 
  Straits 
  of 
  Dover. 
  The 
  shores 
  are 
  not 
  higher 
  

   than 
  the 
  Erench 
  and 
  English 
  coasts 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  eastern 
  shore 
  is 
  a 
  

   cliff 
  with 
  a 
  beach 
  on 
  which 
  large 
  stones 
  are 
  strewed. 
  I 
  have 
  

   sketches 
  ; 
  they 
  show 
  stratified 
  beds 
  capped 
  by 
  drift 
  on 
  which 
  fir 
  

   forests 
  grow. 
  

  

  Erom 
  Kola 
  to 
  Kandalatz 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  lake-basins 
  extends 
  from 
  north 
  

   to 
  south. 
  These 
  forms 
  support 
  the 
  ice-cap 
  theory. 
  The 
  existence 
  of 
  

   beds 
  of 
  soft 
  rock 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  these 
  harbours 
  does 
  not 
  support 
  

   a 
  theory 
  of 
  Polar 
  glaciation 
  by 
  solid 
  ice. 
  I 
  have 
  surmised 
  that 
  

   these 
  shallow 
  narrows 
  may 
  possibly 
  represent 
  an 
  old 
  river-course, 
  

   widened 
  by 
  sea-currents 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  waves. 
  About 
  Arch- 
  

   angel 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  "White 
  Sea 
  are 
  low 
  and 
  flat 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  country 
  

   appears 
  to 
  be 
  drift, 
  chiefly 
  fine 
  mud 
  in 
  the 
  delta 
  of 
  tbe 
  Dwina. 
  

   The 
  sea 
  is 
  silting 
  up. 
  I 
  found 
  a 
  great 
  many 
  large 
  polished 
  striated 
  

   boulders 
  of 
  very 
  hard 
  rock, 
  many 
  like 
  those 
  which 
  I 
  saw 
  on 
  the 
  

   shores 
  of 
  the 
  Polar 
  basin. 
  According 
  to 
  the 
  geological 
  map 
  and 
  my 
  

   own 
  observations 
  these 
  must 
  be 
  of 
  northern 
  origin, 
  unless 
  they 
  

   came 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  Ural 
  mountains. 
  

  

  (15) 
  Archangel 
  to 
  Astrakhan. 
  Having 
  seen 
  rocks 
  and 
  boulders 
  

   about 
  70° 
  N. 
  from 
  25° 
  to 
  40° 
  E., 
  I 
  followed 
  southwards 
  between 
  

  

  Q.J.G. 
  S. 
  No. 
  120. 
  2 
  k 
  

  

  