﻿458 
  J. 
  F- 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  40° 
  and 
  50° 
  E. 
  from 
  the 
  White 
  Sea 
  to 
  the 
  Caspian 
  over 
  Russia, 
  with 
  

   this 
  result 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  entrance 
  to 
  the 
  "White 
  Sea 
  at 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Dwina, 
  and 
  

   along 
  its 
  banks, 
  I 
  found 
  beds 
  of 
  newer 
  formations 
  little 
  disturbed 
  and 
  

   covered 
  with 
  Boulder-clay 
  and 
  drift. 
  I 
  found 
  numerous 
  polished 
  and 
  

   striated 
  boulders 
  of 
  far 
  older 
  and 
  harder 
  rocks, 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  Russian 
  

   Lapland, 
  in 
  the 
  drift 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  followed 
  the 
  Dwina. 
  Then 
  we 
  

   landed 
  and 
  drove 
  500 
  versts 
  (about 
  330 
  miles). 
  A 
  little 
  north 
  of 
  

   lat. 
  60° 
  1ST. 
  I 
  came 
  upon 
  a 
  tract 
  like 
  the 
  country 
  of 
  drift-hills 
  which 
  

   I 
  saw 
  about 
  Knopio 
  in 
  Finland 
  amongst 
  lakes, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  archipelago 
  

   of 
  the 
  Baltic 
  along 
  the 
  Swedish 
  coast. 
  From 
  long. 
  15° 
  to 
  40° 
  E. 
  about 
  

   lat. 
  60° 
  N". 
  is 
  a 
  range 
  of 
  low 
  drift-hills. 
  "Where 
  I 
  passed 
  through 
  them 
  

   along 
  the 
  Vaga 
  in 
  1873 
  the 
  breadth 
  of 
  this 
  range 
  is 
  about 
  30 
  miles. 
  

   The 
  hills 
  are 
  about 
  800 
  feet 
  high 
  at 
  most. 
  They 
  have 
  peculiar 
  

   moraine-like 
  forms. 
  Amongst 
  them 
  are 
  detached 
  cones 
  and 
  short 
  

   boat-shaped 
  ridges 
  through 
  which 
  the 
  Vaga 
  winds 
  northwards. 
  

   Sections 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  river 
  and 
  by 
  its 
  feeders, 
  and 
  surfaces 
  in 
  fields 
  

   and 
  roads, 
  show 
  that 
  these 
  mounds 
  are 
  chiefly 
  made 
  of 
  sand, 
  gravel, 
  

   and 
  large 
  stones. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  stones 
  are 
  rolled 
  ; 
  but 
  many 
  are 
  

   glaciated 
  ; 
  all 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  carried 
  from 
  a 
  region 
  of 
  older 
  

   rocks 
  over 
  tbese 
  plains 
  of 
  newer 
  formations, 
  on 
  which 
  Boulder-clay 
  

   and 
  drift 
  are 
  so 
  thickly 
  spread 
  that 
  solid 
  rock 
  is 
  rarely 
  seen. 
  I 
  saw 
  

   no 
  rock 
  in 
  driving 
  through 
  these 
  drift-hills 
  *. 
  

  

  A 
  Russian 
  Engineer 
  Officer 
  told 
  me 
  that 
  a 
  range 
  of 
  low 
  hills 
  ex- 
  

   tends 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  Ural 
  Mountains 
  eastwards. 
  I 
  know 
  that 
  they 
  reach 
  

   Sweden 
  westwards 
  about 
  lat. 
  60° 
  N. 
  ; 
  I 
  have 
  passed 
  them 
  thrice. 
  

  

  (16) 
  Result. 
  If 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  drift-hills 
  near 
  Turin, 
  about 
  lat. 
  

   45° 
  N., 
  be 
  the 
  moraine 
  of 
  confluent 
  Alpine 
  glaciers, 
  which 
  Professor 
  

   Ramsay 
  taught 
  me, 
  and 
  I 
  am 
  willing 
  to 
  believe, 
  then 
  these 
  drift-hills, 
  

   forming 
  a 
  large 
  arc 
  about 
  the 
  circle 
  of 
  60° 
  N., 
  may 
  be 
  the 
  moraine 
  of 
  

   that 
  polar 
  glacier 
  for 
  which 
  Agassiz 
  contended. 
  I 
  will 
  not 
  attempt 
  

   to 
  account 
  for 
  them; 
  but 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  them 
  in 
  Finland 
  and 
  in 
  Russia 
  

   and 
  in 
  the 
  Baltic. 
  

  

  (17) 
  Further 
  south, 
  nearer 
  to 
  Vologda, 
  we 
  passed 
  a 
  conical 
  

   mound 
  of 
  drift 
  about 
  100 
  feet 
  high 
  in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  a 
  plain. 
  Possi- 
  

   bly 
  this 
  may 
  be 
  sepulchral. 
  Tombs 
  at 
  Kertch 
  are 
  as 
  large. 
  On 
  it 
  

   I 
  found 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  gneiss 
  which 
  I 
  had 
  followed 
  from 
  Lapland 
  

   over 
  about 
  10°. 
  Between 
  60° 
  and 
  55° 
  N. 
  lat. 
  on 
  the 
  route 
  to 
  

   Yaroslav, 
  Moscow, 
  and 
  Nijnii 
  Novgorod, 
  I 
  found 
  numerous 
  boulders 
  

   of 
  kinds 
  which 
  I 
  thus 
  followed 
  along 
  15 
  degrees 
  of 
  latitude. 
  I 
  was 
  

   told 
  by 
  travellers 
  that 
  similar 
  stones 
  abound 
  westwards 
  near 
  the 
  

   sources 
  of 
  the 
  Volga. 
  I 
  saw 
  numerous 
  low 
  hills 
  of 
  drift 
  about 
  

   Moscow 
  ; 
  but 
  railway 
  travelling 
  by 
  night 
  is 
  not 
  conducive 
  to 
  geologi- 
  

   cal 
  study. 
  I 
  suspect 
  that 
  another 
  range 
  of 
  drift 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  about 
  

   55° 
  1ST. 
  in 
  Russia. 
  

  

  * 
  Murchison's 
  ' 
  Eussia,' 
  vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  176. 
  " 
  The 
  road 
  which 
  leads 
  from 
  Ust 
  Vaga 
  

   to 
  listing 
  rims 
  for 
  some 
  miles 
  at 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  from 
  the 
  Dwina, 
  and 
  the 
  great 
  

   thickness 
  of 
  the 
  drift-sands 
  which 
  here 
  encumber 
  the 
  surface 
  prevented 
  (un- 
  

   seeing 
  the 
  fundamental 
  rocks." 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  great 
  satisfaction 
  to 
  find 
  my 
  observa- 
  

   tions, 
  independently 
  made, 
  confirmed 
  by 
  a 
  great 
  authority 
  like 
  Murchison. 
  

  

  