﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAE 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  459 
  

  

  (18) 
  The 
  Volga. 
  South 
  of 
  lat. 
  55° 
  N. 
  and 
  east 
  of 
  Nijnii, 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  

   see 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  boulders 
  which 
  I 
  was 
  hunting 
  southwards. 
  

   The 
  southern 
  limit 
  of 
  northern 
  boulders 
  on 
  the 
  geological 
  map 
  of 
  

   Murchison 
  and 
  his 
  comrades, 
  published 
  in 
  1845, 
  is 
  marked 
  by 
  a 
  

   line 
  which 
  passes 
  JNijnii 
  Novgorod, 
  where 
  I 
  saw 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  them 
  

   in 
  1873. 
  

  

  The 
  Volga 
  is 
  more 
  than 
  2400 
  miles 
  long, 
  and 
  falls 
  633 
  feet 
  

   from 
  its 
  source 
  to 
  the 
  Caspian. 
  The 
  right 
  bank 
  is 
  commonly 
  the 
  

   highest, 
  and 
  gives 
  a 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  nearly 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  

   river. 
  

  

  At 
  Yaroslav 
  the 
  right 
  bank 
  is 
  more 
  than 
  100 
  feet 
  high, 
  while 
  the 
  

   left 
  is 
  low 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  visible 
  from 
  the 
  terrace. 
  

  

  At 
  Nijnii 
  Novgorod 
  the 
  right 
  bank 
  is 
  nearly 
  200 
  feet 
  high, 
  and 
  

   is 
  made 
  of 
  thick 
  beds 
  of 
  stratified 
  gravel, 
  which 
  are 
  noticed 
  in 
  

   Murchison's 
  ' 
  Russia.' 
  Tbe 
  left 
  bank 
  is 
  low 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  visible 
  from 
  

   the 
  terrace. 
  At 
  Saratov 
  the 
  right 
  bank 
  is 
  360 
  feet 
  high 
  by 
  my 
  

   barometer. 
  It 
  is 
  scarped 
  and 
  undercut; 
  and 
  landslips 
  result. 
  The 
  

   river 
  is 
  shallow 
  and 
  three 
  miles 
  wide 
  ; 
  and 
  tbe 
  left 
  or 
  meadow-bank 
  

   is 
  a 
  low 
  plain, 
  with 
  a 
  flat 
  horizon 
  distant 
  more 
  than 
  twenty 
  miles. 
  

   On 
  a 
  very 
  fine 
  clear 
  day 
  I 
  could 
  see 
  no 
  rising 
  ground 
  eastwards 
  

   from 
  the 
  scarped 
  hill 
  above 
  Saratov, 
  which 
  is 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  

   into 
  which 
  the 
  Volga 
  cuts 
  *. 
  I 
  watched 
  this 
  bank 
  while 
  I 
  was 
  

   awake 
  during 
  the 
  voyage 
  of 
  six 
  days 
  to 
  Astrakhan, 
  and 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  

   see 
  one 
  glacial 
  boulder 
  to 
  be 
  sure 
  of. 
  This 
  part 
  of 
  Central 
  Europe 
  

   is 
  covered 
  by 
  thick 
  beds 
  of 
  fine 
  drift, 
  by 
  stratified 
  sands, 
  gravels, 
  and 
  

   earth, 
  which 
  rest 
  on 
  stratified 
  rocks 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  little 
  disturbed 
  

   since 
  they 
  were 
  deposited. 
  I 
  have 
  sketches 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  

   rain 
  and 
  rivulets, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  big 
  river, 
  and 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  high 
  

   bank. 
  

  

  Below 
  Saratov 
  beds 
  of 
  rock 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  kinds 
  

   of 
  mud 
  which 
  rivers 
  now 
  carry 
  from 
  the 
  Urals, 
  and 
  from 
  Western 
  

   Russia 
  into 
  the 
  Caspian. 
  At 
  some 
  places 
  beds 
  of 
  different 
  colours 
  

   alternate. 
  The 
  cliff 
  bank 
  is 
  striped 
  horizontally, 
  and 
  scored 
  verti- 
  

   cally 
  by 
  water- 
  courses, 
  and 
  has 
  a 
  strange 
  appearance. 
  I 
  suppose 
  

   that 
  the 
  mud 
  varied 
  in 
  colour 
  as 
  the 
  eastern 
  or 
  western 
  branches 
  

   were 
  flooded. 
  They 
  have 
  different 
  colours 
  now. 
  

  

  (19) 
  Result. 
  In 
  America 
  I 
  lost 
  the 
  train 
  of 
  northern 
  boulders 
  

   about 
  lat. 
  39° 
  N., 
  and 
  found 
  the 
  fine 
  drift 
  which 
  colours 
  the 
  Missis- 
  

   sippi 
  and 
  extends 
  to 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Mexico. 
  In 
  Germany 
  I 
  lost 
  the 
  

   northern 
  boulders 
  about 
  55°, 
  16 
  degrees 
  further 
  north. 
  

  

  I 
  lost 
  northern 
  boulders 
  in 
  Russia 
  about 
  56° 
  IS", 
  at 
  Nijnii 
  Novgorod, 
  

   and 
  followed 
  gravel 
  and 
  mud 
  to 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  and 
  lat. 
  41° 
  N. 
  The 
  

   latitudes 
  vary 
  ; 
  the 
  drifts 
  are 
  alike. 
  A 
  Russian 
  officer 
  familiar 
  with 
  

   Siberia 
  told 
  me 
  that 
  great 
  blocks 
  of 
  granite 
  are 
  planted 
  amongst 
  

   mounds 
  of 
  shells 
  in 
  sandy 
  plains 
  in 
  the 
  steppes 
  of 
  Northern 
  Asia. 
  

   He 
  had 
  been 
  railway-surveying. 
  All 
  these 
  facts 
  support 
  the 
  idea 
  

   of 
  polar 
  glaciation 
  down 
  to 
  70° 
  and 
  to 
  60° 
  at 
  least 
  in 
  Europe, 
  to 
  

  

  * 
  Why 
  that 
  river 
  flowing 
  southwards 
  is 
  working 
  westwards 
  is 
  a 
  question 
  foreign 
  

   to 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  this 
  paper 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  Arctic 
  current 
  may 
  explain 
  the 
  fact. 
  

  

  2k2 
  

  

  