﻿460 
  J- 
  F- 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  some 
  unknown 
  limit 
  in 
  Asia, 
  and 
  to 
  32° 
  N. 
  in 
  America. 
  Whether 
  ice 
  

   flowed, 
  or 
  waded, 
  or 
  floated, 
  it 
  is 
  needed 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  transport 
  

   of 
  large 
  stones 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  south 
  in 
  Europe, 
  Asia, 
  and 
  America. 
  

   The 
  bed 
  of 
  the 
  Yolga 
  proves 
  that 
  river-ice 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  sufficient 
  

   cause. 
  

  

  From 
  60° 
  to 
  40° 
  N. 
  in 
  Europe 
  all 
  the 
  drift 
  that 
  I 
  saw 
  might 
  have 
  

   been 
  spread 
  by 
  water. 
  But 
  the 
  drift 
  gets 
  finer 
  as 
  it 
  gets 
  further 
  

   from 
  the 
  Arctic 
  basin. 
  It 
  may 
  all 
  be 
  of 
  northern 
  origin, 
  glacial 
  at 
  

   first, 
  sorted 
  by 
  water 
  afterwards. 
  

  

  (20) 
  TJie 
  Caspian. 
  As 
  all 
  the 
  world 
  knows, 
  the 
  Caspian 
  has 
  no 
  

   outlet 
  and 
  is 
  lower 
  than 
  the 
  ocean, 
  though 
  many 
  large 
  rivers, 
  in- 
  

   cluding 
  the 
  Yolga, 
  flow 
  into 
  it. 
  The 
  waste 
  is 
  by 
  evaporation 
  ; 
  and 
  

   much 
  rain 
  falls 
  in 
  Persia 
  about 
  the 
  high 
  land 
  at 
  the 
  southern 
  

   end 
  of 
  the 
  Caspian. 
  The 
  water 
  is 
  salt, 
  but 
  not 
  nearly 
  so 
  salt 
  as 
  

   the 
  ocean. 
  Ear 
  out 
  from 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Yolga 
  for 
  about 
  forty 
  

   miles 
  the 
  water 
  is 
  very 
  shallow, 
  and 
  the 
  bottom 
  mud. 
  The 
  delta 
  ends 
  

   and 
  the 
  lake 
  deepens 
  suddenly. 
  Lake-steamers 
  wait 
  at 
  the 
  bank 
  

   for 
  shallower 
  river- 
  steamers. 
  The 
  water 
  is 
  thick 
  and 
  dirty 
  for 
  a 
  

   long 
  way 
  south. 
  Opposite 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  the 
  basin 
  

   deepens 
  greatly 
  ; 
  and 
  thereabouts 
  are 
  naphtha 
  springs 
  and 
  volcanic 
  

   phenomena 
  on 
  shore. 
  Manifestly 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  like 
  the 
  "White 
  Sea, 
  

   is 
  silting 
  up 
  with 
  fine 
  mud, 
  washed 
  off 
  Europe 
  and 
  Asia 
  and 
  their 
  

   beds 
  of 
  old 
  drift. 
  Eish 
  of 
  many 
  kinds 
  abound 
  and 
  are 
  caught 
  in 
  

   the 
  Yolga. 
  I 
  saw 
  many 
  sorts, 
  none 
  quite 
  like 
  any 
  fish 
  previously 
  

   seen 
  by 
  me. 
  " 
  Herrings 
  " 
  for 
  example 
  are 
  more 
  like 
  Bream 
  

   for 
  shape. 
  The 
  " 
  Sterlet 
  " 
  has 
  no 
  bones. 
  Since 
  the 
  canal 
  was 
  

   cut 
  to 
  join 
  the 
  Yolga 
  and 
  Dwina 
  the 
  Sterlet 
  has 
  got 
  to 
  the 
  White 
  

   Sea. 
  Sturgeon 
  and 
  Bellugu 
  salted 
  fill 
  barges 
  and 
  are 
  sent 
  over 
  

   Russia. 
  The 
  New-Bed 
  Caspian 
  formation 
  now 
  forming 
  will 
  have 
  

   many 
  fossil 
  fishes 
  in 
  it 
  with 
  ancient 
  tails 
  and 
  bony 
  plates 
  outside. 
  

  

  (21) 
  The 
  Caucasus. 
  Hypothesis. 
  As 
  ice 
  and 
  drift 
  got 
  so 
  far 
  in 
  

   the 
  Old 
  and 
  New 
  World, 
  I 
  supposed 
  that 
  glacial 
  phenomena 
  of 
  the 
  

   Alps 
  would 
  recur 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  These 
  are 
  my 
  observations 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  Erom 
  the 
  Caspian 
  to 
  the 
  Sea 
  of 
  Azov 
  the 
  range 
  is 
  roughly 
  about 
  

   800 
  miles 
  long. 
  The 
  highest 
  peaks, 
  Kasbeg 
  and 
  Elbrouz, 
  are 
  said 
  

   to 
  be 
  over 
  16,000 
  and 
  18,000 
  feet 
  high. 
  

  

  (22) 
  TJie 
  Pass 
  of 
  Dariel. 
  In 
  crossing 
  the 
  range 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  

   south 
  from 
  Yladikavkas 
  to 
  Tiflis, 
  the 
  road 
  passes 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  Kasbeg, 
  

   which 
  the 
  natives 
  call 
  the 
  " 
  Sword 
  of 
  God." 
  The 
  road 
  is 
  as 
  easy 
  

   as 
  the 
  Simplon. 
  It 
  mounts 
  along 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  a 
  considerable 
  stream 
  

   through 
  a 
  deep 
  gorge 
  which 
  gives 
  a 
  cross 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  range. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  3rd 
  of 
  October 
  I 
  saw 
  the 
  Peak 
  of 
  Kasbeg 
  and 
  the 
  range 
  

   from 
  the 
  north 
  for 
  more 
  than 
  150 
  miles. 
  

  

  Approaching 
  it 
  we 
  drove 
  over 
  undulating 
  plains 
  of 
  clay 
  and 
  

   passed 
  a 
  lot 
  of 
  large 
  stones. 
  Elsewhere 
  I 
  should 
  have 
  called 
  them 
  

   glacial 
  erratics 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  could 
  find 
  no 
  scratches. 
  In 
  the 
  evening 
  I 
  

   walked 
  to 
  the 
  right 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  river, 
  and 
  found 
  a 
  great 
  ridge 
  of 
  

   clay 
  which 
  I 
  took 
  for 
  a 
  moraine 
  ; 
  but 
  even 
  here 
  I 
  could 
  find 
  no 
  

   scratched 
  stones. 
  I 
  believe 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  delta. 
  I 
  sketched 
  

   and 
  inspected 
  brick-pits, 
  and 
  reluctantly 
  gave 
  up 
  my 
  Caucasian 
  

  

  