﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  463 
  

  

  (23) 
  Daghestan 
  (the 
  mountain-country) 
  is 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  side 
  at 
  

   the 
  Caspian 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  The 
  rocks 
  are 
  chiefly 
  the 
  folded 
  

   limestones 
  which 
  we 
  crossed 
  in 
  the 
  pass 
  of 
  Dariel 
  afterwards, 
  and 
  

   apparently 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  dark 
  shales 
  on 
  which 
  they 
  rest 
  unconform- 
  

   ably. 
  The 
  limestones 
  are 
  very 
  like 
  beds 
  which 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  right 
  

   bank 
  of 
  the 
  Volga. 
  The 
  long 
  folds 
  are 
  parallel 
  to 
  the 
  main 
  range. 
  

   One 
  bed 
  of 
  dark 
  earthy 
  shale 
  contains 
  large 
  globular 
  concre- 
  

   tions. 
  "We 
  come 
  to 
  it 
  repeatedly 
  in 
  Daghestan 
  in 
  deep 
  water- 
  

   courses. 
  Another 
  bed 
  consists 
  of 
  large 
  hard 
  rolled 
  pebhles 
  in 
  a 
  

   matrix. 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  country, 
  the 
  clearness 
  of 
  the 
  air, 
  and 
  the 
  

   absence 
  of 
  vegetation, 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  Daghestan 
  is 
  easily 
  seen. 
  

   The 
  edges 
  of 
  the 
  flags 
  and 
  schists 
  and 
  igneous 
  rocks 
  which 
  we 
  after- 
  

   wards 
  passed 
  near 
  Kasbeg 
  seem 
  to 
  form 
  the 
  crests 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  

   range, 
  and 
  furnish 
  the 
  boulders 
  and 
  pebbles 
  which 
  the 
  largest 
  rivers 
  

   roll 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  plains. 
  

  

  (24) 
  West-end. 
  From 
  Tiflis 
  to 
  Poti 
  on 
  the 
  south 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   range, 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea, 
  the 
  structure 
  seen 
  

   near 
  Tiflis 
  appears 
  to 
  extend 
  into 
  the 
  Crimea 
  along 
  the 
  northern 
  

   shores 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  

  

  The 
  lower 
  hills 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  folded 
  beds 
  of 
  newer 
  stratified 
  rocks, 
  

   the 
  higher 
  hills 
  of 
  the 
  edges 
  of 
  harder 
  beds 
  upheaved. 
  I 
  will 
  not 
  

   attempt 
  to 
  guess 
  at 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  ; 
  but 
  some 
  appeared 
  like 
  

   Mountain-Limestones, 
  the 
  Coal-measures, 
  and 
  superincumbent 
  strata. 
  

   Coal 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  and 
  is 
  worked 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Sea 
  

   of 
  Azov 
  and 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  

  

  In 
  any 
  case 
  a 
  great 
  thickness 
  of 
  old 
  sedimentary 
  beds 
  have 
  been 
  

   tilted 
  up 
  on 
  edge, 
  and 
  a 
  great 
  thickness 
  of 
  newer 
  beds 
  have 
  been 
  

   crumpled 
  and 
  folded 
  like 
  dough 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  key 
  to 
  Southern-Bussian 
  

   geology 
  is 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  in 
  the 
  Gate 
  of 
  Asia, 
  in 
  the 
  pass 
  of 
  

   Dariel. 
  The 
  general 
  disturbance 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  to 
  coincide 
  with 
  the 
  

   geological 
  disturbance 
  which 
  upheaved 
  the 
  Alps 
  and 
  other 
  chains. 
  

   Between 
  lat. 
  30° 
  and 
  40° 
  N. 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  marvellous 
  coincidence 
  in 
  the 
  

   general 
  direction 
  of 
  mountain-ranges 
  in 
  Europe 
  and 
  Asia. 
  

  

  (25) 
  Denudation. 
  Such 
  is 
  a 
  rude 
  outline 
  of 
  the 
  geology 
  which 
  I 
  

   thought 
  I 
  saw 
  while 
  rapidly 
  travelling 
  through 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  The 
  

   shapes 
  of 
  the 
  hills 
  and 
  hollows, 
  which 
  I 
  studied 
  and 
  drew, 
  clearly 
  

   are 
  due 
  to 
  aqueous 
  denudation 
  (see 
  fig. 
  4). 
  

  

  If 
  ever 
  glaciers 
  worked 
  in 
  the 
  range, 
  their 
  traces 
  have 
  been 
  

   almost 
  entirely 
  obliterated. 
  Very 
  little 
  rain 
  now 
  falls 
  in 
  Daghestan 
  

   or 
  anywhere 
  on 
  the 
  northern 
  slopes. 
  The 
  rivers 
  which 
  drain 
  the 
  

   range 
  are 
  small. 
  Houses 
  have 
  flat 
  roofs 
  ; 
  dresses 
  are 
  not 
  contrived 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  map, 
  Daghestan, 
  which 
  was 
  conquered 
  about 
  eight 
  years 
  ago, 
  is 
  not 
  

   coloured. 
  

  

  Koch's 
  Geological 
  Map, 
  1850, 
  does 
  not 
  colour 
  Daghestan. 
  The 
  Dariel 
  Pass 
  

   from 
  north 
  to 
  south 
  is 
  coloured 
  "Tertiares," 
  " 
  Secondares 
  Gestein," 
  and 
  "Thon- 
  

   Schiefer." 
  Kasbeg, 
  and 
  the 
  opposite 
  mountain, 
  are 
  coloured 
  Volcanic, 
  including 
  

   therein 
  "Basalt 
  and 
  Trachyte." 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  also 
  read 
  Mr. 
  Freshfield's 
  book, 
  and 
  his 
  paper 
  published 
  by 
  the 
  Geo- 
  

   graphical 
  Society, 
  to 
  which 
  I 
  refer 
  below. 
  

  

  