﻿464 
  J- 
  *'. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  for 
  rain 
  ; 
  roads 
  made 
  by 
  Russian 
  engineers 
  have 
  no 
  gutters, 
  few 
  

   bridges, 
  and 
  no 
  provision 
  against 
  floods. 
  Nevertheless 
  the 
  whole 
  

   range 
  for 
  800 
  miles 
  is 
  deeply 
  furrowed 
  by 
  water-courses 
  which 
  are 
  

   plainly 
  water-work, 
  as 
  furrows 
  are 
  on 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  crater 
  of 
  Monte 
  

   Kuovo. 
  They 
  make 
  a 
  pattern 
  like 
  the 
  branch 
  of 
  a 
  fir-tree, 
  or 
  a 
  fern, 
  

   with 
  the 
  fine 
  points 
  towards 
  the 
  main 
  range. 
  While 
  driving 
  and 
  

   riding 
  westwards 
  for 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  512 
  versts 
  (about 
  338 
  miles) 
  from 
  

   Petrovsk 
  to 
  Yladikavkas, 
  along 
  the 
  folds 
  of 
  limestone 
  and 
  the 
  strike, 
  

   a 
  rise 
  and 
  fall 
  of 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  thousand 
  feet 
  was 
  a 
  common 
  incident. 
  

   "We 
  crossed 
  a 
  lofty 
  plateau, 
  scrambled 
  down 
  watercourses 
  of 
  gradually 
  

   increasing 
  size, 
  till 
  we 
  got 
  to 
  some 
  rivulet 
  or 
  main 
  river 
  flowing- 
  

   northwards 
  ; 
  but 
  only 
  four 
  bridges 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  road. 
  Having 
  crossed 
  

   a 
  river, 
  we 
  climbed 
  to 
  another 
  scarped 
  plateau, 
  and 
  entered 
  by 
  some 
  

   queer 
  rift 
  or 
  water-gate, 
  as 
  into 
  a 
  fortress. 
  Then 
  for 
  eight 
  or 
  ten 
  

   miles 
  we 
  rode 
  along 
  a 
  different, 
  upland, 
  grassy 
  country 
  till 
  we 
  got 
  to 
  

   the 
  edge 
  of 
  it, 
  and 
  plunged 
  down 
  into 
  another 
  arid 
  gorge. 
  I 
  could 
  

   find 
  no 
  signs 
  of 
  glaciers 
  even 
  on 
  these 
  remnants 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  surface, 
  

   through 
  which 
  the 
  water 
  has 
  dug 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  thousand 
  feet 
  or 
  more, 
  

   as 
  it 
  appeared 
  to 
  me. 
  

  

  Each 
  of 
  these 
  plateaux 
  is 
  like 
  an 
  island 
  inhabited 
  by 
  people 
  who, 
  

   like 
  Hebrideans 
  of 
  old, 
  made 
  war 
  upon 
  each 
  other 
  till 
  they 
  were 
  

   conquered. 
  Twenty-five 
  languages 
  are 
  spoken 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  

   Through 
  this 
  country 
  the 
  Russians 
  hunted 
  Schamyl 
  till 
  he 
  was 
  

   surrounded 
  upon 
  the 
  Plateau 
  of 
  Gunib. 
  His 
  lower 
  town 
  was 
  fired 
  

   into 
  from 
  the 
  opposite 
  plateau 
  over 
  a 
  water-course 
  some 
  miles 
  wide, 
  

   and 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  thousand 
  feet 
  deep. 
  By 
  observation, 
  I 
  made 
  the 
  

   bridge 
  3230 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  Gunib 
  4230, 
  the 
  upper 
  town 
  

   5130, 
  and 
  the 
  upper 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  plateau 
  5715. 
  The 
  Russians 
  scaled 
  

   a 
  cliff 
  to 
  get 
  to 
  Gunib 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  side 
  ; 
  now 
  they 
  have 
  made 
  a 
  

   tunnel 
  through 
  it 
  and 
  a 
  practicable 
  road 
  down 
  the 
  mountain-side 
  to 
  

   Karadagh. 
  The 
  descent 
  to 
  the 
  next 
  river 
  was 
  equal 
  to 
  the 
  ascent, 
  

   2485 
  feet. 
  Speaking 
  generally, 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  lakes. 
  In 
  all 
  Daghes- 
  

   tan 
  only 
  one 
  is 
  known. 
  It 
  is 
  on 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  plateaux, 
  and 
  is 
  about 
  a 
  

   couple 
  of 
  miles 
  long. 
  At 
  the 
  foot 
  no 
  stream 
  escapes. 
  The 
  water 
  

   evaporates 
  or 
  oozes 
  through 
  a 
  dam 
  of 
  angular 
  gravel, 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  

   a 
  terminal 
  moraine. 
  At 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  I 
  found 
  a 
  small 
  median 
  

   moraine 
  nearly 
  smothered 
  in 
  the 
  delta 
  of 
  a 
  tiny 
  streamlet. 
  The 
  

   lake 
  is 
  deep 
  and 
  clear, 
  and 
  full 
  of 
  trout; 
  I 
  believe 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  

   put 
  there 
  by 
  Russians. 
  I 
  could 
  find 
  no 
  glaciated 
  rocks 
  anywhere 
  

   about 
  the 
  lake. 
  The 
  moraine 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  mark 
  of 
  glaciation 
  that 
  I 
  

   could 
  identify 
  in 
  the 
  whole 
  range 
  while 
  travelling 
  from 
  end 
  to 
  end. 
  

   The 
  air 
  was 
  so 
  clear 
  that 
  I 
  often 
  saw 
  a 
  wall 
  of 
  mountains 
  for 
  more 
  

   than 
  a 
  hundred 
  miles 
  at 
  a 
  glance. 
  I 
  swept 
  it 
  often 
  with 
  a 
  good 
  

   glass. 
  I 
  saw 
  new 
  snow 
  in 
  plenty, 
  and 
  got 
  to 
  new 
  snow 
  several 
  

   times, 
  but 
  I 
  could 
  see 
  no 
  blue 
  glacier. 
  The 
  country 
  has 
  been 
  ad- 
  

   mirably 
  mapped. 
  The 
  officers 
  at 
  Tiflis 
  only 
  told 
  me 
  of 
  two 
  small 
  

   glaciers, 
  which 
  are 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  highest 
  peaks 
  ; 
  and 
  these 
  

   are 
  marked. 
  On 
  the 
  southern 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  range, 
  I 
  saw 
  one 
  other 
  

   smaU 
  lake, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  said. 
  From 
  lat. 
  40° 
  to 
  45° 
  N., 
  long. 
  50° 
  to 
  35° 
  

   E., 
  I 
  could 
  not 
  find 
  one 
  rounded 
  hill 
  or 
  hollow, 
  one 
  scratched 
  rock 
  or 
  

  

  