﻿466 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAK 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  stone, 
  one 
  perched 
  block, 
  one 
  lake-basin 
  certainly 
  due 
  to 
  glacial 
  

   erosion, 
  a 
  glacier 
  or 
  the 
  trace 
  of 
  one. 
  The 
  work 
  of 
  running 
  water 
  

   is 
  plain 
  as 
  on 
  a 
  railway 
  embankment 
  after 
  a 
  heavy 
  fall. 
  The 
  

   highest 
  hills 
  are 
  jagged 
  sierras, 
  the 
  lower 
  hills 
  pyramidal 
  or 
  scarped. 
  

   The 
  valleys 
  of 
  all 
  sizes 
  are 
  shaped 
  like 
  V 
  or 
  like 
  Y 
  (fig. 
  5). 
  The 
  tail 
  of 
  

   the 
  Y 
  is 
  often 
  a 
  deep 
  drain 
  like 
  those 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  described 
  in 
  ' 
  Frost 
  

   and 
  Fire.' 
  One 
  I 
  guessed 
  at 
  500 
  to 
  600 
  feet 
  deep. 
  It 
  is 
  scarcely 
  

   wide 
  enough 
  for 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  loaded 
  horses 
  to 
  pass, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  all 
  water- 
  

   work. 
  It 
  is 
  called 
  " 
  the 
  tunnel 
  of 
  Karadagh," 
  and 
  is 
  the 
  drain 
  for 
  

   a 
  great 
  tract 
  of 
  country, 
  and 
  the 
  road 
  used 
  by 
  its 
  inhabitants. 
  

   "When 
  I 
  rode 
  through 
  it 
  there 
  was 
  hardly 
  water 
  enough 
  in 
  the 
  

   river 
  to 
  fill 
  a 
  London 
  main 
  pipe, 
  and 
  passengers 
  were 
  numerous. 
  

   Passages 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  kind 
  abound 
  in 
  Daghestan, 
  and 
  generally 
  are 
  

   defended 
  by 
  villages 
  and 
  used 
  as 
  gates. 
  Familiar 
  with 
  glacial 
  

   marks, 
  and 
  fresh 
  from 
  Norway 
  and 
  Lapland, 
  where 
  they 
  abound, 
  

   the 
  contrast 
  between 
  glacial 
  and 
  aqueous 
  denudations 
  was 
  very 
  

   striking. 
  

  

  (26) 
  Rise 
  of 
  land. 
  As 
  I 
  have 
  said, 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  Volga 
  from 
  

   source 
  to 
  delta 
  is 
  given 
  at 
  633 
  feet. 
  Above 
  Petrovsk, 
  on 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  

   is 
  a 
  sloping 
  deposit 
  of 
  large 
  rolled 
  stones 
  and 
  sand, 
  which 
  fills 
  up 
  a 
  

   hollow 
  between 
  an 
  isolated 
  hill 
  and 
  the 
  first 
  range 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  

   No 
  river 
  is 
  near 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  this, 
  which 
  I 
  suppose 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  " 
  raised 
  

   sea-margin." 
  It 
  seems 
  to 
  bound 
  the 
  northern 
  plains, 
  which 
  fade 
  

   into 
  the 
  Caspian. 
  The 
  isthmus 
  at 
  Petrovsk, 
  and 
  the 
  drift-slopes 
  

   along 
  the 
  northern 
  range, 
  are 
  more 
  than 
  500 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  Caspian 
  

   and 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  mud 
  which 
  separate 
  it 
  from 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  If 
  

   water 
  stood 
  at 
  the 
  levels 
  marked 
  by 
  raised 
  sea-margins 
  in 
  Scandi- 
  

   navia 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  the 
  Black 
  and 
  White 
  Seas, 
  

   and 
  the 
  Baltic 
  would 
  be 
  joined, 
  and 
  most 
  of 
  Europe 
  would 
  be 
  sunk. 
  

   Looking 
  to 
  the 
  drift-section 
  on 
  the 
  high 
  right 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  Volga, 
  I 
  

   think 
  it 
  probable 
  that 
  all 
  these 
  European 
  plains 
  were 
  in 
  fact 
  sub- 
  

   merged 
  at 
  a 
  late 
  geological 
  period. 
  I 
  found 
  terraces 
  of 
  large 
  rolled 
  

   stones 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  at 
  higher 
  levels 
  ; 
  but 
  some 
  I 
  attri- 
  

   buted 
  to 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  rivers*. 
  

  

  (27) 
  Result. 
  If 
  Europe 
  was 
  in 
  fact 
  submerged, 
  the 
  circulation 
  

   of 
  ocean-currents 
  in 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  is 
  pertinent 
  to 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  

   northern 
  polar 
  drift 
  in 
  Russia. 
  

  

  (28) 
  Hypothesis. 
  I 
  thought 
  it 
  possible 
  that 
  northern 
  drift 
  might 
  

   be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  low 
  gap 
  which 
  contains 
  the 
  sea 
  of 
  Azov 
  and 
  the 
  

   Straits 
  of 
  Zenikali, 
  lat. 
  45° 
  N. 
  Icebergs 
  do, 
  in 
  fact, 
  reach 
  lat. 
  37° 
  

   N. 
  in 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  now 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  Crimean 
  winter 
  is 
  severe 
  enough 
  to 
  

   make 
  ice-rafts. 
  Northern 
  drift 
  and 
  large 
  boulders 
  reach 
  39° 
  N. 
  in 
  

   America. 
  

  

  (29) 
  Fact. 
  Arrived 
  at 
  Kertch, 
  I 
  saw 
  numerous 
  conical 
  mounds 
  

   placed 
  singly 
  or 
  in 
  groups 
  and 
  ranged 
  in 
  rows 
  along 
  the 
  low 
  sky- 
  

   line. 
  I 
  was 
  told 
  by 
  different 
  people 
  on 
  board 
  the 
  steamer, 
  and 
  on 
  

   shore, 
  that 
  these 
  mounds 
  were 
  " 
  natural," 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  " 
  volcanic," 
  

  

  * 
  At 
  page 
  297 
  of 
  his 
  great 
  work, 
  Murchison 
  devotes 
  a 
  section 
  to 
  the 
  relics 
  of 
  

   a 
  great 
  former 
  eastern 
  Mediterranean 
  Sea 
  which 
  covered 
  these 
  regions 
  and 
  de- 
  

   posited 
  the 
  older 
  and 
  newer 
  Caspian 
  rocks, 
  which 
  are 
  marked 
  upon 
  his 
  map. 
  

  

  