﻿J. 
  P. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACTATION 
  ETC. 
  467 
  

  

  that 
  they 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  " 
  conglomerate." 
  I 
  began 
  to 
  think 
  that 
  

   they 
  might 
  be 
  " 
  glacial." 
  They 
  are 
  in 
  fact 
  sepulchral. 
  Hewn- 
  

   stone 
  tombs, 
  as 
  big 
  as 
  small 
  churches, 
  are 
  buried 
  under 
  mounds 
  of 
  

   earth. 
  Many 
  have 
  been 
  opened, 
  and 
  treasures 
  of 
  art 
  have 
  been 
  

   taken 
  from 
  the 
  " 
  Kourgans 
  " 
  of 
  Kertch. 
  I 
  sought 
  " 
  drift 
  " 
  in 
  the 
  

   Crimea 
  and 
  found 
  none. 
  I 
  found 
  naphtha-springs, 
  which 
  are 
  volcanic. 
  

   They 
  abound, 
  and 
  the 
  naphtha 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  fuel 
  on 
  board 
  steam-boats. 
  

  

  (30) 
  The 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  The 
  northern 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea 
  differ 
  

   materially 
  from 
  the 
  sea-coasts 
  further 
  north. 
  Between 
  Poti 
  and 
  

   Odessa 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  deep-sea 
  lochs 
  or 
  fjords 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  Scotland 
  

   and 
  Norway. 
  There 
  are 
  few 
  bays 
  or 
  indentations, 
  very 
  few 
  har- 
  

   bours 
  or 
  islands. 
  No 
  sinking 
  of 
  mountains 
  would 
  change 
  the 
  cha- 
  

   racter 
  of 
  the 
  coast 
  in 
  these 
  respects. 
  The 
  coasts 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  

   risen, 
  unless 
  the 
  water-level 
  has 
  fallen. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  appreciable 
  

   tide 
  ; 
  but 
  where 
  land 
  is 
  low, 
  the 
  beach 
  suggests 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  always 
  ebb 
  

   and 
  a 
  perpetual 
  spring-tide. 
  Salt 
  lakes 
  abound. 
  These 
  seem 
  to 
  

   result 
  from 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  bars 
  at 
  the 
  mouths 
  of 
  rivers, 
  bays, 
  and 
  

   inlets, 
  now 
  ebbed 
  nearly 
  dry. 
  All 
  the 
  plains 
  and 
  islands 
  that 
  I 
  saw 
  

   looked 
  like 
  alluvial 
  flats 
  left 
  high 
  and 
  dry. 
  The 
  lofty 
  Crimean 
  coast 
  

   seemed 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  sea-cliff, 
  broken 
  out 
  of 
  a 
  small 
  bit 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  

   and 
  made 
  of 
  like 
  materials. 
  I 
  attributed 
  the 
  difference 
  in 
  this 
  

   coast-line 
  to 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  that 
  glacial 
  erosion 
  to 
  which 
  I 
  attri- 
  

   bute 
  " 
  rock-grooves 
  " 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  " 
  lake-basins," 
  ridges 
  left 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   furrows 
  made, 
  in 
  Scotland 
  and 
  Norway. 
  

  

  (31) 
  Bosphorus. 
  I 
  was 
  assured 
  that 
  miniature 
  arctic 
  and 
  equa- 
  

   torial 
  currents 
  flow 
  in 
  and 
  out 
  through 
  the 
  Bosphorus 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  fully 
  

   believed 
  what 
  I 
  was 
  told. 
  A 
  passenger 
  assured 
  me 
  that 
  he 
  felt, 
  and 
  

   that 
  I 
  ought 
  to 
  feel, 
  the 
  difference 
  in 
  temperature 
  on 
  opposite 
  sides 
  

   of 
  the 
  steamer 
  as 
  we 
  entered 
  from 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  I 
  saw 
  vessels 
  at 
  

   anchor 
  heading 
  opposite 
  ways, 
  and 
  vessels 
  under 
  weigh 
  dodging 
  the 
  

   stream. 
  I 
  was 
  ready 
  to 
  believe, 
  but 
  I 
  wanted 
  proof. 
  

  

  Oct. 
  31st. 
  I 
  got 
  a 
  boat 
  and 
  crossed 
  to 
  Asia 
  from 
  Constantinople, 
  

   and 
  found 
  the 
  surface-temperature 
  65° 
  from 
  shore 
  to 
  shore. 
  I 
  found 
  

   eddies 
  in 
  plenty, 
  but 
  no 
  opposite 
  surface-currents. 
  With 
  southerly 
  

   winds 
  warmer 
  water 
  comes 
  in 
  from 
  the 
  sea 
  of 
  Marmora, 
  according 
  

   to 
  the 
  Turkish 
  boatmen. 
  I 
  went 
  to 
  a 
  high 
  hill-top, 
  on 
  the 
  Asian 
  side, 
  

   and 
  found 
  nothing 
  glacial 
  anywhere 
  about 
  the 
  Bosphorus. 
  I 
  sought 
  

   drift, 
  and 
  found 
  none 
  that 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  explained 
  by 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  

   water 
  on 
  the 
  hills. 
  What 
  I 
  saw 
  from 
  the 
  hill 
  might 
  have 
  been 
  a 
  

   bit 
  of 
  a 
  great 
  river. 
  It 
  was 
  like 
  Niagara 
  below 
  the 
  falls, 
  the 
  St. 
  

   Lawrence 
  near 
  Montreal, 
  the 
  Rhine 
  near 
  Bonn, 
  the 
  Volga 
  near 
  

   Saratov, 
  or 
  the 
  Danube 
  near 
  "Vienna 
  ; 
  a 
  stream 
  flowing 
  through 
  a 
  

   wide 
  plain 
  with 
  a 
  few 
  hills 
  in 
  it, 
  all 
  seamed 
  by 
  water-courses. 
  If 
  

   the 
  Bosphorus-hollow 
  were 
  now 
  filled 
  to 
  the 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  right 
  

   bank 
  of 
  the 
  "Volga 
  at 
  Saratov 
  (360 
  feet), 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea 
  would 
  be 
  

   forced 
  back 
  into 
  the 
  Caspian, 
  and 
  the 
  perpetual 
  ebb 
  would 
  be 
  

   changed 
  to 
  high 
  water. 
  I 
  am 
  strongly 
  of 
  opinion 
  that 
  the 
  Bosphorus 
  

   is, 
  in 
  fact, 
  a 
  drain 
  cut 
  by 
  running 
  water 
  in 
  very 
  late 
  geological 
  

   times, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  Black- 
  Sea 
  level 
  has 
  been 
  lowered 
  by 
  the 
  cutting 
  

   of 
  the 
  drain. 
  

  

  