﻿468 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  (32) 
  Greek 
  Archipelago. 
  Amongst 
  the 
  Greek 
  islands 
  I 
  saw 
  forms 
  

   due 
  to 
  volcanic 
  action. 
  I 
  saw 
  volcanic 
  cones 
  in 
  a 
  latitude 
  in 
  which 
  

   volcanic 
  rocks 
  and 
  active 
  volcanoes 
  abound 
  from 
  Persia 
  to 
  Sicily 
  ; 
  hut 
  

   everywhere 
  I 
  saw 
  water-courses 
  on 
  the 
  hill- 
  sides 
  and 
  wave-marks 
  at 
  

   the 
  sea-margin. 
  About 
  the 
  South 
  Cape, 
  November 
  3rd, 
  I 
  saw 
  none 
  of 
  

   the 
  glacial 
  marks 
  which 
  I 
  had 
  seen 
  at 
  the 
  North 
  Cape 
  on 
  the 
  4th 
  of 
  

   August, 
  1873, 
  and 
  in 
  America, 
  near 
  "Washington 
  and 
  St. 
  Louis 
  in 
  1864. 
  

  

  (33) 
  Italy. 
  At 
  Naples 
  I 
  saw 
  volcanoes 
  old 
  and 
  new, 
  and 
  climbed 
  

   Vesuvius 
  for 
  the 
  second 
  time 
  after 
  an 
  interval 
  of 
  thirty-two 
  years. 
  

   I 
  saw 
  lakes 
  in 
  volcanic 
  craters 
  at 
  Naples 
  and 
  near 
  Eome, 
  and 
  water- 
  

   courses 
  everywhere, 
  but 
  I 
  saw 
  no 
  sign 
  of 
  a 
  lake-basin 
  or 
  valley 
  due 
  

   to 
  glacial 
  erosion 
  in 
  Italy. 
  I 
  climbed 
  the 
  hills 
  above 
  Genoa 
  and 
  

   looked 
  down 
  into 
  large 
  watercourses 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  I 
  

   saw 
  nothing 
  that 
  I 
  could 
  identify 
  as 
  glacial 
  work 
  about 
  Nice, 
  

   Cannes, 
  and 
  the 
  hills 
  behind 
  that 
  sunny 
  coast, 
  with 
  its 
  palm-trees 
  

   and 
  cacti. 
  The 
  last 
  polar 
  glacial 
  marks 
  that 
  I 
  saw 
  in 
  Europe 
  were 
  

   at 
  Nijnii 
  Novgorod, 
  about 
  lat. 
  56° 
  N. 
  

  

  (34) 
  Result. 
  My 
  observations 
  support 
  the 
  extension 
  of 
  polar 
  

   glaciation 
  to 
  lat. 
  56° 
  N. 
  in 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  Europe, 
  to 
  55° 
  in 
  Germany, 
  to 
  

   nearly 
  50° 
  in 
  Britain, 
  to 
  39° 
  in 
  America. 
  The 
  Alpine 
  and 
  Pyre- 
  

   rean 
  systems 
  I 
  now 
  suppose 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  separate 
  local 
  systems. 
  

   The 
  absence 
  of 
  glaciation 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  I 
  cannot 
  explain 
  by 
  any- 
  

   thing 
  but 
  ocean 
  circulation 
  and 
  atmospheric 
  causes. 
  

  

  (35) 
  Volcanic 
  Phenomena. 
  The 
  enormous 
  disturbance 
  of 
  strati- 
  

   fied 
  rocks 
  along 
  ranges 
  of 
  mountains 
  like 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  and 
  the 
  Bal- 
  

   kans, 
  and 
  the 
  Alps, 
  I 
  can 
  only 
  account 
  for 
  by 
  the 
  shrinking 
  of 
  the 
  

   earth's 
  mass 
  and 
  lateral 
  crushing 
  of 
  the 
  crust. 
  The 
  varnish 
  on 
  a 
  

   globe 
  is 
  thicker 
  in 
  proportion 
  and 
  is 
  disturbed 
  when 
  the 
  globe 
  shrinks 
  

   or 
  expands. 
  The 
  undisturbed 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  regions 
  of 
  

   Europe, 
  and 
  the 
  enormous 
  development 
  of 
  igneous 
  rocks 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  

   Caucasus 
  can 
  only 
  be 
  explained, 
  as 
  I 
  suppose, 
  by 
  something 
  like 
  a 
  

   fracture 
  equal 
  to 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  range, 
  which 
  is 
  chiefly 
  made 
  of 
  

   sedimentary 
  beds 
  lifted 
  like 
  the 
  lid 
  of 
  a 
  box. 
  

  

  (36) 
  Sea-beds. 
  I 
  wish 
  to 
  disclaim 
  the 
  notion, 
  which 
  I 
  never 
  

   entertained, 
  that 
  all 
  valleys 
  are 
  " 
  big 
  ice-scratches," 
  and 
  that 
  all 
  

   hollows 
  are 
  due 
  to 
  glacial 
  erosion. 
  Forces 
  which 
  heaved 
  up 
  the 
  

   earth's 
  sedimentary 
  crust 
  in 
  the 
  Himalayas, 
  in 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  in 
  the 
  

   Crimea, 
  Balkan, 
  Alps, 
  and 
  Pyrenees, 
  which 
  also 
  folded 
  the 
  beds 
  of 
  

   the 
  Coal-formation 
  and 
  threw 
  them 
  into 
  basins 
  and 
  troughs, 
  synclinal 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  anticlinal 
  curves 
  — 
  forces 
  which 
  are 
  raising 
  and 
  sinking 
  

   whole 
  countries 
  now, 
  are 
  sufficient 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  ocean-beds 
  and 
  for 
  

   the 
  Caspian 
  and 
  other 
  basins. 
  But 
  denudation 
  alone 
  accounts 
  for 
  

   drift, 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  materials 
  of 
  sedimentary 
  rocks. 
  I 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  

   passed 
  through 
  a 
  sedimentary 
  series 
  nearly 
  forty 
  miles 
  thick 
  in 
  the 
  

   Pass 
  of 
  Dariel. 
  The 
  earth's 
  surface 
  has 
  been 
  ground 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  

   extent 
  of 
  the 
  sum 
  of 
  sedimentary 
  beds. 
  Glacial 
  drift, 
  wherever 
  

   found, 
  proves 
  glacial 
  erosion, 
  equal 
  to 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  drift 
  whatever 
  that 
  

   may 
  be. 
  The 
  masses 
  of 
  drift 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  in 
  Europe 
  and 
  in 
  

   America 
  prove 
  glaciation 
  on 
  something 
  approaching 
  the 
  scale 
  for 
  

   which 
  Agassiz 
  contended. 
  

  

  