﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  OK 
  POLAE 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  469 
  

  

  (37) 
  Conclusion. 
  I 
  hold 
  with 
  Mr. 
  Clifton 
  "Ward 
  and 
  with 
  Profes- 
  

   sor 
  Ramsay, 
  who 
  stated 
  the 
  theory 
  long 
  ago, 
  that 
  certain 
  lake-basins 
  

   are 
  " 
  due 
  to 
  glacial 
  erosion," 
  and 
  also 
  that 
  many 
  valleys 
  and 
  many 
  

   hills 
  between 
  them 
  are 
  chiefly 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  engines 
  which 
  also 
  

   formed 
  glacial 
  drift*. 
  I 
  have 
  endeavoured 
  to 
  explain 
  what 
  I 
  mean 
  by 
  

   " 
  denudation 
  " 
  and 
  " 
  ice-marks," 
  and 
  to 
  describe 
  what 
  have 
  I 
  seen 
  in 
  

   the 
  writings 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  quoted 
  above. 
  To 
  them 
  I 
  must 
  beg 
  to 
  refer 
  

   for 
  details, 
  and 
  for 
  justification 
  of 
  my 
  venturing 
  to 
  address 
  you 
  

   on 
  polar 
  glaciation. 
  I 
  cannot 
  yet 
  see 
  my 
  way 
  to 
  a 
  general 
  ice- 
  cap 
  

   reaching 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  equator. 
  

  

  (38) 
  Travelling. 
  Allow 
  me 
  to 
  say, 
  in 
  conclusion, 
  that 
  through- 
  

   out 
  Russia 
  I 
  was 
  treated 
  kindly, 
  courteously, 
  and 
  hospitably. 
  I 
  

   was 
  asked 
  for 
  my 
  passport 
  only 
  on 
  arriving 
  at 
  Archangel, 
  and 
  on 
  

   starting 
  from 
  Odessa. 
  I 
  had 
  no 
  difficulties 
  or 
  adventures. 
  I 
  en- 
  

   dured 
  few 
  hardships, 
  and 
  enjoyed 
  magnificent, 
  bright, 
  calm, 
  hot 
  

   weather 
  for 
  five 
  months. 
  

  

  Tho 
  best 
  months 
  for 
  travelling 
  along 
  the 
  route 
  are 
  those 
  which 
  I 
  

   selected. 
  The 
  best 
  months 
  for 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  are 
  September, 
  October, 
  

   November, 
  and 
  part 
  of 
  December. 
  

  

  The 
  Russians 
  wish 
  travellers 
  to 
  explore 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  believe 
  that 
  En- 
  

   glish 
  geologists 
  will 
  be 
  especially 
  welcome 
  visitors. 
  Many 
  officers 
  

   especially 
  mentioned 
  the 
  Alpine 
  Club, 
  and 
  hoped 
  to 
  see 
  more 
  of 
  its 
  

   members. 
  

  

  (39) 
  Since 
  my 
  return, 
  while 
  writing 
  this 
  paper, 
  I 
  have 
  read 
  Mr. 
  

   Freshfield's 
  paper 
  in 
  vol. 
  xxxix. 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Transactions 
  of 
  the 
  Geogra- 
  

   phical 
  Society,' 
  and 
  his 
  book, 
  ' 
  Caucasus 
  and 
  Bashan,' 
  Longmans, 
  

   1869. 
  Our 
  facts 
  may 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  at 
  variance 
  as 
  to 
  Caucasian 
  glaciers 
  ; 
  

   but 
  they 
  may 
  be 
  reconciled. 
  Mr. 
  Freshfield 
  and 
  his 
  comrades 
  climbed 
  ; 
  

   I 
  did 
  not. 
  He 
  saw 
  the 
  white 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  shield, 
  I 
  the 
  yellow. 
  He 
  

   travelled 
  along 
  the 
  ridge 
  from 
  Kasbeg 
  to 
  Elbrouz, 
  at 
  the 
  rainy 
  end 
  ; 
  

   I 
  travelled 
  chiefly 
  at 
  the 
  rainless 
  eastern 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus. 
  He 
  

   travelled 
  in 
  June 
  and 
  July. 
  I 
  passed 
  Kasbeg 
  in 
  October 
  after 
  sum- 
  

   mer, 
  before 
  winter 
  snows. 
  In 
  his 
  book, 
  and 
  in 
  my 
  journal, 
  Kasbeg, 
  

   seen 
  from 
  the 
  Station, 
  is 
  depicted 
  as 
  a 
  pyramid 
  of 
  rock, 
  thinly 
  

   covered 
  with 
  snow. 
  Possibly 
  the 
  unmelted 
  snows 
  may 
  have 
  led 
  Mr. 
  

   Preshfield 
  to 
  an 
  enlarged 
  estimate 
  of 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  formidable 
  

   glaciers 
  on 
  which 
  he 
  climbed 
  during 
  the 
  adventurous 
  journey 
  which 
  

   he 
  so 
  well 
  describes. 
  His 
  largest 
  glacier 
  was 
  only 
  500 
  yards 
  wide. 
  

   In 
  Daghestan 
  valleys 
  are 
  often 
  filled 
  with 
  great 
  masses 
  of 
  drift, 
  the 
  

   accumulations 
  of 
  many 
  confluent 
  deltas 
  into 
  which 
  the 
  streams 
  have 
  

   cut 
  deeply. 
  Had 
  I 
  seen 
  there 
  unusual 
  waving 
  alluvial 
  deposits 
  

   covered 
  with 
  thick 
  snow, 
  while 
  standing 
  upon 
  a 
  glacier 
  myself, 
  I 
  

   should 
  have 
  noted 
  them 
  as 
  larger 
  glaciers. 
  I 
  did, 
  in 
  fact, 
  set 
  them 
  

   down 
  for 
  moraines 
  when 
  I 
  first 
  saw 
  them. 
  I 
  made 
  a 
  careful 
  sketch 
  

   of 
  one 
  such 
  deposit 
  from 
  the 
  plateau 
  above 
  Gunib, 
  believing 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  

   glacial. 
  It 
  was 
  only 
  after 
  riding 
  over 
  a 
  great 
  many 
  similar 
  deposits, 
  

   and 
  after 
  passing 
  Kasbeg 
  and 
  the 
  ridge, 
  that 
  I 
  was 
  driven 
  from 
  my 
  

   Caucasian 
  glacial 
  hypothesis. 
  Between 
  Tiflis 
  and 
  Poti, 
  Petrovsk 
  and 
  

   Vladikavkas, 
  I 
  saw 
  no 
  glacier 
  stream. 
  At 
  Soukhum 
  Kali 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  * 
  See 
  footnote- 
  on 
  p. 
  452. 
  

  

  