﻿470 
  J. 
  F- 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAE 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  Black 
  Sea, 
  where 
  I 
  landed, 
  I 
  could 
  find 
  no 
  boulders 
  in 
  a 
  stream 
  

   which 
  comes 
  from 
  near 
  Elbrouz 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  could 
  see 
  none 
  from 
  the 
  

   steamer 
  along 
  the 
  whole 
  coast 
  to 
  Kertch. 
  The 
  glaciers 
  trodden 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Freshfield 
  I 
  could 
  not 
  possibly 
  see 
  ; 
  for 
  they 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  range 
  between 
  Kasbeg 
  and 
  Elbrouz. 
  They 
  are 
  marked 
  on 
  

   the 
  Eussian 
  map. 
  "We 
  saw 
  different 
  regions, 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  region 
  

   under 
  very 
  different 
  aspects, 
  and 
  we 
  need 
  not 
  fall 
  out 
  like 
  the 
  

   knights 
  of 
  old 
  who 
  quarrelled 
  about 
  the 
  gold 
  and 
  silver 
  shield. 
  

   What 
  the 
  Russians 
  know 
  of 
  their 
  country 
  is 
  on 
  their 
  Caucasian 
  

   map. 
  

  

  Postscript. 
  — 
  April 
  27, 
  1874. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Belt, 
  whose 
  very 
  interesting 
  book 
  * 
  proves 
  his 
  accuracy 
  in 
  

   observing 
  nature, 
  describes 
  (pp. 
  248-263) 
  marks 
  which 
  he 
  took 
  for 
  

   proofs 
  of 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  land-glaciers 
  about 
  lat. 
  14° 
  N. 
  in 
  Nicaragua. 
  

   He 
  says, 
  " 
  The 
  evidences 
  of 
  glacial 
  action 
  between 
  Depilto 
  and 
  

   Ocotal 
  were, 
  with 
  one 
  exception, 
  as 
  clear 
  as 
  in 
  any 
  Welsh 
  or 
  High- 
  

   land 
  valley." 
  The 
  exception 
  was 
  scratched 
  rocks. 
  The 
  lowest 
  

   marks 
  noted 
  were 
  still 
  2000 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea. 
  Believing, 
  as 
  he 
  

   does, 
  in 
  " 
  evolution," 
  and 
  in 
  cold 
  which 
  locked 
  up 
  water 
  enough 
  on 
  

   land 
  to 
  lower 
  the 
  whole 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  ocean 
  1000 
  feet 
  at 
  least, 
  

   Mr. 
  Belt 
  supposes 
  that 
  tropical 
  life 
  survived 
  the 
  cold 
  in 
  wet 
  low 
  

   grounds 
  left 
  dry 
  by 
  evaporation. 
  These 
  ancient 
  low 
  lands 
  now 
  are 
  

   at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  salt 
  sea, 
  beneath 
  1000 
  feet 
  of 
  melted 
  ice 
  which 
  

   turned 
  to 
  fresh 
  water. 
  

  

  Professor 
  Agassiz 
  and 
  his 
  followers 
  go 
  much 
  further. 
  After 
  this 
  

   paper 
  on 
  polar 
  glaciation 
  was 
  sent 
  in, 
  a 
  copy 
  of 
  ' 
  The 
  New 
  York 
  

   Tribune' 
  of 
  December 
  30, 
  1873, 
  was 
  sent 
  to 
  me 
  by 
  some 
  person 
  

   unknown. 
  On 
  the 
  15th 
  of 
  April 
  I 
  spoke 
  of 
  the 
  newspaper. 
  It 
  

   contains 
  " 
  A 
  series 
  of 
  six 
  lectures 
  by 
  Professor 
  Agassiz," 
  which 
  

   seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  printed 
  from 
  short-hand 
  notes. 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  that 
  

   the 
  first 
  of 
  the 
  series 
  was 
  delivered 
  Peb. 
  5, 
  1867, 
  before 
  the 
  Cooper 
  

   Institute 
  at 
  New 
  York, 
  after 
  the 
  author's 
  return 
  from 
  South 
  

   America. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  stated 
  as 
  proved 
  that 
  glaciers 
  covered 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  temperate 
  

   North 
  America, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  " 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  Europe." 
  In 
  Maine 
  the 
  

   ice 
  was 
  12,000 
  to 
  13,000 
  feet 
  thick 
  ; 
  and 
  further 
  south 
  glacier 
  

   marks 
  were 
  identified. 
  The 
  author 
  concluded 
  at 
  last 
  that 
  the 
  

   valley 
  of 
  the 
  Amazon, 
  about 
  the 
  equator, 
  was 
  filled 
  by 
  a 
  vast 
  

   glacier 
  which 
  came 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  went 
  into 
  the 
  

   Atlantic, 
  the 
  ice, 
  perhaps, 
  then 
  covering 
  the 
  sea 
  to 
  such 
  an 
  extent 
  

   that 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  question 
  whether 
  any 
  open 
  water 
  was 
  left 
  at 
  the 
  

   equator 
  then, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  question 
  whether 
  there 
  now 
  is 
  open 
  water 
  

   at 
  the 
  Pole. 
  But 
  Agassiz 
  found 
  no 
  scratched 
  rocks 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  

   the 
  Amazon. 
  He 
  is 
  reported 
  to 
  have 
  said, 
  " 
  and 
  if 
  this 
  be 
  so, 
  you 
  

   see 
  at 
  once 
  how 
  this 
  intense 
  cold 
  must 
  have 
  modified 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  

   the 
  globe 
  to 
  the 
  extent 
  of 
  excluding 
  life 
  from 
  the 
  surface 
  * 
  * 
  *, 
  

   and 
  preparing 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  earth 
  for 
  the 
  new 
  creatures 
  which 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  Naturalist 
  in 
  Nicaragua. 
  By 
  Thomas 
  Belt. 
  Murray 
  : 
  1874. 
  

  

  