﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  471 
  

  

  now 
  exist 
  upon 
  it." 
  He 
  pointed 
  his 
  argument 
  directly 
  at 
  the 
  

   theory 
  of 
  evolution 
  which 
  " 
  is 
  cut 
  at 
  the 
  root 
  by 
  this 
  winter 
  which 
  

   put 
  an 
  end 
  to 
  all 
  living 
  beings 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  globe 
  (ap- 
  

   plause)" 
  

  

  Any 
  thing 
  said 
  by 
  Professor 
  Agassiz 
  deserves 
  that 
  grave 
  considera- 
  

   tion 
  and 
  respect 
  which 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  memory 
  of 
  a 
  very 
  distinguished 
  

   man. 
  These 
  lectures, 
  which 
  were 
  much 
  and 
  deservedly 
  applauded, 
  

   contain 
  an 
  epitome 
  of 
  nearly 
  all 
  that 
  has 
  been 
  denied 
  and 
  accepted 
  

   by 
  glacialists 
  and 
  geologists 
  within 
  the 
  last 
  40 
  years. 
  

  

  Agassiz, 
  those 
  who 
  worked 
  with 
  him, 
  those 
  who 
  followed 
  them, 
  

   and 
  those 
  who 
  went 
  on 
  separate 
  paths 
  to 
  their 
  own 
  conclusions 
  

   about 
  glaciation, 
  have 
  all 
  begun 
  with 
  the 
  Swiss 
  glaciers, 
  which 
  are 
  so 
  

   well 
  described 
  in 
  these 
  lectures. 
  By 
  reasoning 
  from 
  admitted 
  facts 
  

   a 
  few 
  have 
  convinced 
  themselves 
  of 
  the 
  recurrence 
  of 
  glacial 
  periods 
  

   due 
  to 
  astronomical 
  causes. 
  The 
  complete 
  smothering 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  

   earth 
  in 
  a 
  crust 
  of 
  ice 
  many 
  thousands 
  of 
  feet 
  thick 
  periodically, 
  

   and 
  the 
  consequent 
  periodical 
  destruction 
  of 
  all 
  life 
  on 
  the 
  earth's 
  

   surface, 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  those 
  advanced 
  glacial 
  theories 
  which 
  few 
  accept, 
  

   but 
  which 
  cannot 
  be 
  ignored 
  by 
  geologists. 
  The 
  facts 
  on 
  which 
  

   theories 
  are 
  founded 
  may 
  be 
  tested 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  have 
  endeavoured 
  to 
  state 
  

   the 
  result 
  of 
  my 
  own 
  observations 
  as 
  to 
  Polar 
  glaciation. 
  They 
  go 
  

   to 
  prove 
  that 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  Europe 
  " 
  was 
  not 
  covered 
  by 
  a 
  polar 
  

   glacier." 
  

  

  P.S. 
  — 
  May 
  1, 
  1874. 
  — 
  Caucasian 
  Glaciers. 
  

  

  Professor 
  Abich, 
  of 
  Tiflis, 
  an 
  eminent 
  geologist, 
  published 
  in 
  

   1870 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  work 
  on 
  Caucasian 
  glaciers 
  of 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  not 
  got 
  

   the 
  sequel. 
  The 
  pamphlet, 
  which 
  was 
  lent 
  to 
  me 
  in 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  

   April, 
  contains 
  two 
  -views 
  and 
  a 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  Devdoraki 
  glacier. 
  

   It 
  is 
  to 
  the 
  N.W. 
  of 
  Kasbeg, 
  in 
  the 
  shadow, 
  and 
  high 
  up. 
  It 
  is 
  

   mentioned 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Preshfield. 
  It 
  bursts 
  periodically 
  and 
  sends 
  a 
  

   wet 
  avalanche 
  of 
  rubbish 
  into 
  the 
  pass. 
  In 
  1867 
  it 
  threatened 
  to 
  

   burst 
  again, 
  and 
  damaged 
  the 
  post-road; 
  therefore 
  it 
  was 
  again 
  sur- 
  

   veyed 
  by 
  Professor 
  Abich, 
  who 
  surveyed 
  it 
  in 
  1861. 
  The 
  conditions 
  

   of 
  its 
  growth 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  these. 
  The 
  top 
  of 
  Kasbeg 
  is 
  more 
  than 
  

   16,000 
  feet 
  high. 
  A 
  very 
  steep 
  cone 
  of 
  more 
  than 
  6000 
  feet 
  sheds 
  

   avalanches 
  which 
  knead 
  themselves 
  into 
  neve, 
  and 
  produce 
  

   glaciers 
  of 
  pure 
  ice 
  with 
  " 
  dirt 
  bands," 
  which 
  flow 
  and 
  tear 
  and 
  

   regelate 
  according 
  to 
  their 
  ascertained 
  laws 
  of 
  motion. 
  One 
  "of 
  

   2nd 
  order 
  " 
  named 
  " 
  of 
  Stephen 
  Zminda 
  " 
  ends 
  at 
  9504 
  feet 
  above 
  

   the 
  sea 
  opposite 
  to 
  the 
  Station. 
  The 
  largest 
  ends 
  at 
  7374 
  feet 
  above 
  

   the 
  sea. 
  In 
  1867 
  one 
  branch 
  of 
  this 
  had 
  broken 
  and 
  fallen 
  into 
  

   the 
  other, 
  which 
  had 
  grown 
  much 
  since 
  last 
  surveyed. 
  It 
  was 
  

   about 
  350 
  yards 
  wide, 
  about 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  miles 
  long, 
  and 
  about 
  

   300 
  feet 
  deep 
  at 
  the 
  end, 
  according 
  to 
  estimate. 
  The 
  end 
  could 
  not 
  

   be 
  measured, 
  because 
  of 
  falling 
  stones. 
  The 
  surface 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  

   moving 
  at 
  increased 
  rates, 
  faster 
  than 
  the 
  whole 
  glacier, 
  which 
  is 
  on 
  

   a 
  slope 
  of 
  17°. 
  The 
  views 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  valley 
  are 
  

   deeply 
  furrowed 
  by 
  V-shaped 
  water-courses. 
  The 
  drainage 
  of 
  this 
  

   system 
  of 
  " 
  corries 
  " 
  flows 
  into 
  the 
  Tarek 
  at 
  right 
  angles, 
  four 
  kilo- 
  

  

  