﻿472 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAE 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  metres 
  below 
  the 
  Station, 
  which 
  is 
  opposite 
  to 
  the 
  peak 
  of 
  Kasbeg. 
  

   From 
  the 
  peak 
  to 
  the 
  junction 
  is 
  hardly 
  five 
  miles 
  on 
  the 
  map. 
  

  

  The 
  glacier-stream 
  there 
  in 
  October 
  1873 
  was 
  a 
  rill 
  lost 
  amongst 
  

   a 
  great 
  heap 
  of 
  debris, 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  hundred 
  feet 
  high 
  at 
  least, 
  which 
  

   seems 
  to 
  have 
  crossed 
  the 
  valley 
  at 
  some 
  time, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  block 
  the 
  

   main 
  streams 
  and 
  form 
  a 
  lake 
  above 
  the 
  dam. 
  This 
  small 
  glacier 
  is 
  

   marked 
  on 
  the 
  Eussian 
  map, 
  scale 
  10 
  versts 
  to 
  the 
  inch. 
  Thirteen 
  

   small 
  glaciers 
  are 
  also 
  marked 
  on 
  it. 
  All 
  these 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  ridge, 
  in 
  the 
  shadow, 
  high 
  up, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  of 
  Kas- 
  

   beg, 
  where 
  the 
  range 
  is 
  highest 
  and 
  nearest 
  to 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea. 
  The 
  

   largest 
  glacier, 
  which 
  is 
  mentioned 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Freshfield, 
  and 
  was 
  

   described 
  by 
  KLaproth 
  long 
  ago, 
  is 
  mapped 
  as 
  five 
  miles 
  long. 
  

   Probably 
  the 
  present 
  dearth 
  of 
  large 
  glaciers 
  in 
  this 
  lofty 
  region 
  is 
  

   due 
  to 
  its 
  inland 
  position. 
  South-west 
  winds 
  are 
  dried 
  before 
  they 
  

   reach 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  and 
  nearly 
  drained 
  before 
  they 
  reach 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   end, 
  where 
  evaporation 
  is 
  in 
  excess. 
  

  

  Between 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  and 
  Ararat, 
  whose 
  latitude 
  corresponds 
  to 
  

   the 
  present 
  limit 
  of 
  Atlantic 
  drift-ice, 
  are 
  numerous 
  large 
  sheets 
  of 
  

   water 
  in 
  low 
  grounds. 
  I 
  have 
  not 
  seen 
  them. 
  They 
  have 
  nothing 
  

   to 
  do 
  with 
  the 
  drainage 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasian 
  highlands. 
  That 
  gathers 
  

   uniform 
  main 
  streams, 
  on 
  which 
  are 
  no 
  lake-basins 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   Alps 
  and 
  Scandinavia. 
  Of 
  these 
  streams 
  two 
  flow 
  into 
  the 
  Caspian 
  

   and 
  evaporate, 
  two 
  join 
  the 
  Mediterranean. 
  

  

  Professor 
  Abich 
  writes 
  very 
  cautiously 
  about 
  tracks 
  of 
  glaciers 
  in 
  

   a 
  glacial 
  period. 
  He 
  founds 
  his 
  opinion 
  upon 
  certain 
  conspicuous 
  

   stones, 
  which 
  1 
  also 
  noticed 
  while 
  travelling 
  once 
  along 
  the 
  road, 
  

   and 
  upon 
  much 
  local 
  knowledge 
  gained 
  by 
  himself, 
  and 
  by 
  officers, 
  

   surveyors, 
  and 
  engineers 
  who 
  conquered 
  and 
  mapped 
  the 
  country 
  and 
  

   made 
  the 
  roads. 
  They 
  are 
  making 
  railroads 
  now. 
  The 
  region 
  is 
  sub- 
  

   ject 
  to 
  earthquakes 
  and 
  torrents. 
  Professor 
  Abich 
  describes 
  a 
  case 
  

   in 
  which 
  stones 
  from 
  200 
  to 
  300 
  feet 
  in 
  circumference 
  were 
  shaken 
  

   down, 
  and 
  moved 
  more 
  than 
  12 
  kilometres 
  from 
  a 
  " 
  cirque 
  " 
  in 
  

   Ararat 
  by 
  a 
  single 
  debacle 
  of 
  snow, 
  ice, 
  water, 
  and 
  mud 
  during 
  an 
  

   earthquake 
  in 
  1840. 
  A 
  glacier 
  now 
  descends 
  from 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  

   Ararat 
  to 
  a 
  level 
  of 
  9000 
  feet, 
  in 
  the 
  cirque 
  at 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  valley, 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  delta 
  of 
  this 
  sudden 
  mud 
  torrent 
  now 
  has 
  the 
  shape 
  

   and 
  semblance 
  of 
  a 
  " 
  moraine." 
  

  

  These 
  great 
  Ararat 
  "erratics" 
  are 
  equalled 
  in 
  size 
  by 
  only 
  one 
  Cau- 
  

   casian 
  block, 
  named 
  the 
  Stone 
  of 
  Jermolov, 
  which 
  is 
  3531 
  feet 
  above 
  

   the 
  sea, 
  near 
  Lars, 
  in 
  the 
  pass 
  of 
  Dariel, 
  five 
  miles 
  below 
  the 
  broken 
  

   moraine-dam 
  above 
  mentioned. 
  I 
  took 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  fallen 
  stone 
  when 
  

   I 
  sketched 
  it 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  identified 
  with 
  granite 
  nearer 
  to 
  tbe 
  

   base 
  of 
  Kasbeg, 
  whose 
  top 
  is 
  10 
  miles 
  from 
  Lars 
  on 
  the 
  map. 
  This 
  

   erratic 
  is 
  equalled 
  in 
  size 
  by 
  a 
  stone 
  on 
  the 
  TTnter- 
  Aar 
  glacier, 
  under 
  

   which 
  nine 
  of 
  us 
  slept 
  on 
  the 
  15th 
  of 
  September, 
  1841. 
  That 
  is 
  slowly 
  

   moving 
  on 
  the 
  glacier, 
  and 
  must 
  have 
  gone 
  more 
  than 
  two 
  miles 
  by 
  1874. 
  

   Therefore 
  ice 
  or 
  mud 
  may 
  have 
  carried 
  the 
  stone 
  of 
  Jermolov 
  five 
  

   or 
  six 
  miles 
  down 
  hill 
  (10,000 
  feet) 
  to 
  its 
  present 
  place. 
  These 
  

   Caucasian 
  stones 
  are 
  equalled 
  in 
  size 
  by 
  blocks 
  on 
  the 
  Jura, 
  in 
  

   Russia, 
  in 
  Lapland, 
  in 
  Scotland 
  and 
  Ireland, 
  and 
  in 
  America, 
  which 
  

  

  