﻿J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  OS 
  POLAR 
  GLACTATICW 
  ETC. 
  473 
  

  

  have 
  somehow 
  crossed 
  deep 
  valleys 
  and 
  arms 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  where 
  mud 
  

   torrents 
  are 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  question. 
  Professor 
  Abich 
  concludes, 
  with 
  

   hesitation, 
  that 
  a 
  Kasbeg 
  glacier 
  carried 
  this 
  erratic 
  so 
  far 
  (five 
  or 
  

   six 
  miles) 
  down 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  Tarek. 
  The 
  pass 
  is 
  a 
  V-shaped 
  

   valley 
  of 
  erosion 
  with 
  many 
  large 
  branches. 
  The 
  main 
  stem 
  is 
  

   about 
  40 
  miles 
  long, 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  thousand 
  feet 
  deep, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  

   bottom 
  it 
  is 
  little 
  wider 
  than 
  the 
  water-course. 
  It 
  is 
  very 
  unlike 
  

   any 
  glaciated 
  valley 
  that 
  I 
  have 
  seen. 
  The 
  drainage 
  of 
  this 
  whole 
  

   " 
  basin" 
  escapes 
  through 
  a 
  narrow 
  rock-gorge 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  thou- 
  

   sand 
  feet 
  deep 
  ; 
  I 
  could 
  see 
  no 
  ice-marks 
  in 
  it 
  ; 
  Professor 
  Abich 
  did. 
  

   Every 
  delta 
  must 
  bear 
  some 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  mass 
  eroded. 
  In 
  

   this 
  case 
  the 
  wedges, 
  which 
  have 
  somehow 
  been 
  carried 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  

   solid, 
  have 
  been 
  somehow 
  crumbled 
  and 
  rolled 
  and 
  carried 
  through 
  

   the 
  gorge. 
  The 
  debris, 
  or 
  part 
  of 
  it, 
  is 
  spread 
  in 
  a 
  fan-shape 
  out- 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  narrow 
  gap. 
  The 
  Tarek 
  is 
  cutting 
  into 
  the 
  delta, 
  and 
  

   washing 
  the 
  mud 
  into 
  the 
  Caspian 
  Sea. 
  Professor 
  Abich 
  notes 
  a 
  

   hed 
  of 
  blue 
  clay 
  with 
  " 
  Mytilus 
  polymorphus 
  " 
  (a 
  freshwater 
  

   hivalve), 
  and 
  sandy 
  clays, 
  low 
  down 
  in 
  the 
  delta-section, 
  and 
  large 
  

   stones, 
  granite, 
  schist, 
  trachyte, 
  &c, 
  of 
  which 
  a 
  few 
  only 
  are 
  

   scratched, 
  which 
  have 
  somehow 
  been 
  rolled 
  or 
  carried 
  from 
  the 
  

   Kasbeg 
  region, 
  and 
  now 
  rest 
  on 
  the 
  delta 
  or 
  are 
  buried 
  in 
  it, 
  far 
  

   outside 
  the 
  gap, 
  down 
  to 
  a 
  level 
  of 
  1860 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea. 
  These 
  

   stones 
  are 
  exceptional. 
  The 
  country 
  is 
  chiefly 
  mud 
  and 
  shingle. 
  

   He 
  concludes, 
  with 
  hesitation, 
  that 
  a 
  Kasbeg 
  glacier 
  came 
  out 
  of 
  

   the 
  gap, 
  split 
  on 
  the 
  delta, 
  and 
  carried 
  stones 
  to 
  the 
  right 
  and 
  left 
  

   to 
  places 
  which 
  are 
  about 
  35 
  miles 
  from 
  the 
  gap, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  

   Russian 
  survey 
  (of 
  10 
  versts 
  to 
  the 
  inch). 
  

  

  The 
  low 
  country 
  suggests 
  arrangement 
  of 
  mud 
  in 
  water. 
  

   If, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  supposed, 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  Europe 
  were 
  submerged, 
  or 
  

   if 
  a 
  lake 
  was 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  when 
  the 
  shells 
  lived, 
  

   then 
  ice-rafts 
  like 
  those 
  which 
  now 
  grow 
  in 
  the 
  sea 
  near 
  Kertch 
  

   would 
  suffice 
  for 
  the 
  dispersion 
  of 
  stones 
  carried 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  way 
  by 
  

   a 
  glacier 
  and 
  by 
  sudden 
  floods 
  towards 
  the 
  Tarek 
  delta 
  where 
  they 
  

   rest. 
  Floods 
  might 
  account 
  for 
  most 
  of 
  them, 
  as 
  I 
  suppose. 
  

  

  But 
  supposing 
  that 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  exceptional 
  delta 
  is 
  a 
  buried 
  

   moraine 
  of 
  very 
  unusual 
  form 
  and 
  structure, 
  and 
  that 
  one 
  Cau- 
  

   casian 
  glacier 
  did 
  extend 
  35 
  miles 
  beyond 
  the 
  gap, 
  and 
  5000 
  feet 
  

   lower 
  than 
  glaciers 
  do 
  now, 
  to 
  a 
  level 
  of 
  1800 
  feet 
  or 
  1000 
  feet, 
  that 
  

   does 
  not 
  affect 
  my 
  argument 
  about 
  " 
  polar 
  glaciation." 
  I 
  saw 
  no 
  

   large 
  erratics 
  elsewhere 
  about 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  none 
  in 
  

   other 
  gorges. 
  I 
  saw 
  nothing 
  between 
  Nijnii 
  Novgorod 
  and 
  Vladi- 
  

   kavkas 
  to 
  suggest 
  that 
  all 
  Europe 
  had 
  been 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  polar 
  ice 
  

   flood, 
  which 
  was 
  13,000 
  feet 
  thick 
  in 
  the 
  latitude 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  

   in 
  North 
  America, 
  which 
  reached 
  the 
  equator, 
  and 
  was 
  as 
  wide 
  as 
  

   the 
  world. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  seen 
  no 
  track 
  of 
  that 
  glacier 
  in 
  crossing 
  meridians 
  between 
  

   the 
  Volga 
  and 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  did 
  see 
  the 
  Arctic 
  current 
  at 
  

   work 
  in 
  " 
  drift 
  " 
  latitudes. 
  I 
  found 
  scratched 
  granite 
  boulders 
  in 
  

   Russia, 
  700 
  miles 
  from 
  the 
  nearest 
  possible 
  source. 
  But 
  to 
  prove 
  

   the 
  " 
  ice-cap 
  " 
  I 
  ought 
  to 
  have 
  found 
  them 
  900 
  miles 
  further, 
  in 
  

   Q. 
  J. 
  G. 
  S. 
  No. 
  120. 
  2 
  l 
  

  

  