﻿474 
  J. 
  E. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIAXION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  Daghestan, 
  and 
  about 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  Kasbeg, 
  8000 
  feet 
  up, 
  where 
  

   the 
  " 
  mountain-ignoring 
  " 
  cap, 
  13,000 
  feet 
  deep, 
  flowed 
  over 
  the 
  Cau- 
  

   casian 
  dam. 
  

  

  Somebody 
  ought 
  to 
  find 
  polar 
  drift 
  in 
  Persia, 
  and 
  India, 
  and 
  

   Ceylon, 
  in 
  Turkey, 
  Syria 
  and 
  Arabia, 
  in 
  Greece 
  and 
  Egypt, 
  and 
  

   about 
  the 
  sources 
  of 
  the 
  Nile. 
  I 
  found 
  Finnish 
  granite 
  in 
  Northern 
  

   Germany. 
  To 
  support 
  the 
  ice-cap, 
  samples 
  of 
  northern 
  drift 
  ought 
  

   to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Khine 
  valley 
  and 
  in 
  France, 
  high 
  up 
  on 
  the 
  

   shoulders 
  of 
  the 
  Alps 
  and 
  Pyrenees, 
  in 
  Italy 
  and 
  Spain, 
  in 
  Northern 
  

   Africa 
  and 
  down 
  to 
  Coomassie. 
  European 
  polar 
  drift 
  ought 
  to 
  

   spread 
  at 
  the 
  Equator 
  between 
  the 
  meridians 
  which 
  cross 
  Scandi- 
  

   navia 
  and 
  the 
  Ural 
  Mountains. 
  

  

  I 
  found 
  glaciated 
  stones 
  near 
  St. 
  Louis 
  which 
  must 
  have 
  travelled 
  at 
  

   least 
  800 
  miles 
  southwards 
  in 
  America. 
  To 
  prove 
  the 
  "ice-cap" 
  some- 
  

   body 
  ought 
  to 
  find 
  specimens 
  of 
  northern 
  rocks 
  upon 
  the 
  shoulders 
  

   of 
  the 
  Pocky 
  and 
  Alleghany 
  Mountains, 
  and 
  all 
  the 
  way 
  to 
  the 
  

   Amazon 
  in 
  continuous 
  streams, 
  forming 
  the 
  moraines 
  of 
  the 
  Missis- 
  

   sippi-valley 
  glacier, 
  which 
  must 
  have 
  existed 
  when 
  the 
  Amazon 
  

   glacier 
  reached 
  the 
  sea. 
  But 
  even 
  if 
  all 
  that 
  is 
  found, 
  if 
  the 
  

   severed 
  " 
  boulder 
  " 
  on 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  Adam's 
  Peak 
  in 
  Ceylon 
  turns 
  out 
  

   to 
  be 
  an 
  " 
  erratic," 
  it 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  proved 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  carried 
  part 
  

   of 
  the 
  way 
  by 
  polar 
  currents 
  and 
  ice 
  rafts 
  like 
  those 
  which 
  exist, 
  

   which 
  reach 
  37° 
  in 
  the 
  Atlantic, 
  and 
  coincide 
  with 
  drift-latitudes 
  on 
  

   both 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  basin. 
  

  

  Summary. 
  ■ 
  — 
  Evaporation 
  and 
  condensation, 
  atmospheric 
  and 
  

   oceanic 
  circulation 
  are 
  caused 
  by 
  unequal 
  local 
  temperatures. 
  

   Pi 
  vers 
  and 
  land-glaciers 
  alike 
  result 
  from 
  atmospheric 
  circulation, 
  

   and 
  from 
  local 
  condensation, 
  and 
  they 
  flow 
  for 
  the 
  same 
  reasons 
  at 
  

   different 
  rates. 
  The 
  existing 
  Arctic 
  current 
  is 
  part 
  of 
  ocean 
  circu- 
  

   lation, 
  caused 
  by 
  unequal 
  polar 
  and 
  equatorial 
  temperatures. 
  That 
  

   current 
  is 
  a 
  conspicuous 
  fact. 
  It 
  is 
  far 
  larger 
  and 
  more 
  powerful 
  

   than 
  any 
  existing 
  river 
  or 
  ice 
  flow 
  on 
  land. 
  It 
  is 
  more 
  than 
  three 
  

   thousand 
  miles 
  long, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  broad 
  ; 
  it 
  moves 
  vast 
  fragments 
  of 
  

   the 
  largest 
  existing 
  land-glaciers, 
  and 
  great 
  sheets 
  of 
  thick 
  polar 
  

   sea-ice, 
  at 
  great 
  speed. 
  It 
  lowers 
  the 
  perpetual 
  snow-limit 
  where 
  

   it 
  flows, 
  and 
  it 
  there 
  modifies 
  climate 
  and 
  all 
  that 
  depends 
  on 
  

   climate. 
  Within 
  an 
  area 
  equal 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  India, 
  in 
  Greenland 
  it 
  

   increases 
  local 
  condensation, 
  and 
  snow-flakes, 
  and 
  snow-falls, 
  and 
  

   ice 
  flows 
  and 
  rivers 
  ; 
  and 
  so 
  it 
  increases 
  local 
  denudation 
  on 
  shore 
  

   while 
  it 
  works 
  on 
  the 
  shallows. 
  Ice 
  rafts 
  in 
  the 
  ocean-stream 
  carry 
  

   drift 
  southwards 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  water 
  which 
  drags 
  these 
  loaded 
  rafts 
  over 
  

   shallows 
  and 
  makes 
  them 
  drop 
  boulders, 
  also 
  rolls 
  and 
  packs 
  mud 
  

   and 
  shingle 
  and 
  builds 
  a 
  delta 
  in 
  the 
  sea. 
  This 
  kind 
  of 
  polar 
  

   " 
  glaciation 
  " 
  and 
  deposition 
  of 
  " 
  drift," 
  caused 
  directly 
  and 
  indirectly 
  

   by 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  polar 
  currents, 
  cannot 
  be 
  denied. 
  The 
  

   agent 
  is 
  a 
  true 
  cause 
  at 
  work 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  work 
  ought 
  to 
  be 
  like 
  that 
  

   which 
  I 
  saw 
  in 
  Pussia 
  in 
  1873. 
  

  

  Where 
  a 
  sedimentary 
  rock 
  exists 
  there 
  water 
  has 
  been 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  

   drift-plains 
  of 
  Pussia 
  are 
  spread 
  upon 
  sedimentary 
  series 
  little 
  dis- 
  

   turbed. 
  That 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  earth's 
  crust 
  has 
  been 
  up 
  and 
  down 
  many 
  

  

  