﻿476 
  J. 
  F. 
  CAMPBELL 
  ON 
  POLAR 
  GLACIATION 
  ETC. 
  

  

  from 
  the 
  pole 
  to 
  the 
  equator, 
  and 
  acted 
  as 
  smaller 
  glaciers 
  do 
  on 
  

   rocks 
  under 
  and 
  about 
  them. 
  But 
  on 
  " 
  Pike's 
  Peak," 
  which 
  is 
  

   14,000 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea, 
  I 
  found 
  weathered 
  marks 
  of 
  local 
  glaciers, 
  

   which 
  carried 
  granite 
  to 
  the 
  plains 
  for 
  some 
  fifteen 
  miles, 
  and 
  8000 
  

   feet 
  down 
  hill. 
  In 
  latitude 
  and 
  altitude 
  and 
  size 
  these 
  nearly 
  

   corresponded 
  to 
  the 
  Caucasian 
  glaciers 
  about 
  Elbrouz 
  and 
  Kasbeg 
  

   which 
  still 
  exist. 
  The 
  glacial 
  traces 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  in 
  

   America 
  seem 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  transfer 
  of 
  oceans 
  with 
  their 
  systems 
  

   of 
  circulation 
  from 
  one 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  to 
  another, 
  by 
  the 
  elevation 
  

   or 
  depression 
  of 
  land. 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  nothing 
  to 
  indicate 
  an 
  ice-cap 
  

   in 
  these 
  latitudes 
  thus 
  far 
  on 
  my 
  way 
  round 
  the 
  world. 
  

  

  Discussion. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Belt 
  stated 
  that 
  he 
  had 
  been 
  over 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  ground 
  

   as 
  the 
  author, 
  but 
  had 
  come 
  to 
  quite 
  opposite 
  conclusions. 
  He 
  

   agreed 
  with 
  Mr. 
  Campbell 
  that 
  boulders 
  only 
  come 
  down 
  to 
  a 
  

   certain 
  point, 
  but 
  he 
  considered 
  that 
  the 
  very 
  plains 
  themselves 
  are 
  

   proofs 
  of 
  glacial 
  action. 
  He 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  boulders 
  

   is 
  only 
  a 
  proof 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  chain 
  behind 
  which 
  could 
  supply 
  

   the 
  requisite 
  rock 
  ; 
  and 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  the 
  only 
  signs 
  of 
  the 
  existence 
  

   of 
  a 
  polar 
  ice-cap 
  would 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  blocking 
  up 
  of 
  the 
  drainage 
  

   by 
  it, 
  resulting 
  in 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  Siberia. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Ramsay 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  ideas 
  put 
  forward 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  

   were 
  in 
  accordance 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  previous 
  writers 
  ; 
  but 
  he 
  considered 
  

   that 
  he 
  exaggerated 
  the 
  power 
  of 
  ice 
  in 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  icebergs 
  to 
  

   effect 
  changes. 
  The 
  question 
  was 
  whether 
  there 
  were 
  ice- 
  caps 
  

   moving 
  towards 
  the 
  equator, 
  or 
  whether 
  the 
  configuration 
  of 
  the 
  

   mountain-regions 
  might 
  have 
  produced 
  the 
  observed 
  effects. 
  He 
  

   expressed 
  himself 
  satisfied 
  that 
  the 
  present 
  configuration 
  would 
  

   account, 
  at 
  least 
  to 
  a 
  great 
  extent, 
  for 
  the 
  changes 
  which 
  have 
  taken 
  

   place. 
  The 
  boulders 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  great 
  plain 
  of 
  Russia 
  might 
  have 
  

   been 
  conveyed 
  either 
  directly 
  by 
  glaciers, 
  or 
  by 
  icebergs 
  broken 
  off 
  

   the 
  ice-cap 
  itself. 
  Boulders 
  have 
  been 
  seen 
  40 
  miles 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  

   Caucasus, 
  proving 
  the 
  existence 
  there 
  of 
  great 
  ancient 
  glaciers. 
  The 
  

   absence 
  of 
  boulders 
  on 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  Siberia 
  was, 
  he 
  thought, 
  to 
  be 
  

   accounted 
  for 
  by 
  the 
  absence 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  Siberia 
  of 
  high 
  land 
  

   from 
  which 
  such 
  boulders 
  could 
  be 
  carried. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Dkew 
  thought 
  that 
  sufficient 
  consideration 
  had 
  not 
  been 
  

   given 
  to 
  the 
  relative 
  levels 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  and 
  new 
  glaciers. 
  In 
  Cash- 
  

   mere 
  he 
  had 
  observed 
  a 
  difference 
  of 
  5000-6000 
  feet. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Hughes 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  theory 
  of 
  ice-caps 
  spreading 
  in 
  

   both 
  hemispheres 
  from 
  the 
  poles 
  to 
  near 
  the 
  equator 
  hardly 
  de- 
  

   served 
  discussion, 
  seeing 
  that 
  no 
  facts 
  which 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  otherwise 
  

   explained 
  had 
  been 
  adduced 
  in 
  support 
  of 
  it, 
  whilst 
  it 
  involved 
  

   great 
  physical 
  difficulties, 
  and 
  was 
  quite 
  inconsistent 
  with 
  the 
  con- 
  

   tinuity 
  of 
  the 
  forms 
  of 
  life 
  from 
  pre- 
  to 
  postglacial 
  times. 
  The 
  

   question 
  before 
  them 
  seemed 
  to 
  be 
  whether 
  a 
  smaller 
  general 
  drift- 
  

   ing 
  from 
  northern 
  circumpolar 
  regions, 
  either 
  of 
  land 
  or 
  floating 
  ice, 
  

   would 
  better 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  phenomena 
  observed 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  than 
  

  

  